espresso_types/v0/impls/

stake_table.rs

use std::{
    cmp::min,
    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet},
    future::Future,
    ops::Bound,
    str::FromStr,
    sync::Arc,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
};

use alloy::{
    eips::{BlockId, BlockNumberOrTag},
    primitives::{utils::format_ether, Address, U256},
    providers::Provider,
    rpc::types::{Filter, Log},
    sol_types::{SolEvent, SolEventInterface},
};
use anyhow::{bail, ensure, Context};
use ark_ec::AffineRepr;
use ark_serialize::CanonicalSerialize;
use async_lock::{Mutex, RwLock, RwLockUpgradableReadGuard};
use bigdecimal::BigDecimal;
use committable::{Commitment, Committable, RawCommitmentBuilder};
use futures::future::BoxFuture;
use hotshot::types::{BLSPubKey, SchnorrPubKey, SignatureKey as _};
use hotshot_contract_adapter::sol_types::{
    EspToken::{self, EspTokenInstance},
    StakeTableV2::{
        self, CommissionUpdated, ConsensusKeysUpdated, ConsensusKeysUpdatedV2, Delegated,
        StakeTableV2Events, Undelegated, UndelegatedV2, ValidatorExit, ValidatorExitV2,
        ValidatorRegistered, ValidatorRegisteredV2,
    },
};
use hotshot_types::{
    data::{vid_disperse::VID_TARGET_TOTAL_STAKE, EpochNumber},
    drb::{
        election::{generate_stake_cdf, select_randomized_leader, RandomizedCommittee},
        DrbResult,
    },
    epoch_membership::EpochMembershipCoordinator,
    stake_table::{HSStakeTable, StakeTableEntry},
    traits::{
        block_contents::BlockHeader,
        election::Membership,
        node_implementation::{ConsensusTime, NodeImplementation, NodeType},
        signature_key::StakeTableEntryType,
    },
    utils::{
        epoch_from_block_number, is_epoch_root, root_block_in_epoch, transition_block_for_epoch,
    },
    PeerConfig,
};
use humantime::format_duration;
use indexmap::IndexMap;
use itertools::Itertools;
use num_traits::{FromPrimitive, Zero};
use thiserror::Error;
use tokio::{spawn, time::sleep};
use tracing::Instrument;
use vbs::version::StaticVersionType;

#[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
use super::v0_3::DAMembers;
use super::{
    traits::{MembershipPersistence, StateCatchup},
    v0_3::{ChainConfig, EventKey, Fetcher, StakeTableEvent, StakeTableUpdateTask, Validator},
    Header, L1Client, Leaf2, PubKey, SeqTypes,
};
use crate::{
    traits::EventsPersistenceRead,
    v0_1::L1Provider,
    v0_3::{
        EventSortingError, ExpectedStakeTableError, FetchRewardError, RewardAmount,
        StakeTableError, ASSUMED_BLOCK_TIME_SECONDS, BLOCKS_PER_YEAR, COMMISSION_BASIS_POINTS,
        INFLATION_RATE, MILLISECONDS_PER_YEAR,
    },
    DrbAndHeaderUpgradeVersion, EpochVersion,
};

type Epoch = <SeqTypes as NodeType>::Epoch;
pub type ValidatorMap = IndexMap<Address, Validator<BLSPubKey>>;

pub type StakeTableHash = Commitment<StakeTableState>;

/// The result of applying a stake table event:
/// - `Ok(Ok(()))`: success
/// - `Ok(Err(...))`: expected error
/// - `Err(...)`: serious error
type ApplyEventResult<T> = Result<Result<T, ExpectedStakeTableError>, StakeTableError>;

/// Format the alloy Log RPC type in a way to make it easy to find the event in an explorer.
trait DisplayLog {
    fn display(&self) -> String;
}

impl DisplayLog for Log {
    fn display(&self) -> String {
        // These values are all unlikely to be missing because we only create Log variables by
        // fetching them from the RPC, so for simplicity we use defaults if the any of the values
        // are missing.
        let block = self.block_number.unwrap_or_default();
        let index = self.log_index.unwrap_or_default();
        let hash = self.transaction_hash.unwrap_or_default();
        format!("Log(block={block},index={index},transaction_hash={hash})")
    }
}

impl TryFrom<StakeTableV2Events> for StakeTableEvent {
    type Error = anyhow::Error;

    fn try_from(value: StakeTableV2Events) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
        match value {
            StakeTableV2Events::ValidatorRegistered(v) => Ok(StakeTableEvent::Register(v)),
            StakeTableV2Events::ValidatorRegisteredV2(v) => Ok(StakeTableEvent::RegisterV2(v)),
            StakeTableV2Events::ValidatorExit(v) => Ok(StakeTableEvent::Deregister(v)),
            StakeTableV2Events::ValidatorExitV2(v) => Ok(StakeTableEvent::DeregisterV2(v)),
            StakeTableV2Events::Delegated(v) => Ok(StakeTableEvent::Delegate(v)),
            StakeTableV2Events::Undelegated(v) => Ok(StakeTableEvent::Undelegate(v)),
            StakeTableV2Events::UndelegatedV2(v) => Ok(StakeTableEvent::UndelegateV2(v)),
            StakeTableV2Events::ConsensusKeysUpdated(v) => Ok(StakeTableEvent::KeyUpdate(v)),
            StakeTableV2Events::ConsensusKeysUpdatedV2(v) => Ok(StakeTableEvent::KeyUpdateV2(v)),
            StakeTableV2Events::CommissionUpdated(v) => Ok(StakeTableEvent::CommissionUpdate(v)),
            StakeTableV2Events::ExitEscrowPeriodUpdated(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::ExitEscrowPeriodUpdated({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::Initialized(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::Initialized({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::MaxCommissionIncreaseUpdated(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::MaxCommissionIncreaseUpdated({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::MinCommissionUpdateIntervalUpdated(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::MinCommissionUpdateIntervalUpdated({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::OwnershipTransferred(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::OwnershipTransferred({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::Paused(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::Paused({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::RoleAdminChanged(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::RoleAdminChanged({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::RoleGranted(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::RoleGranted({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::RoleRevoked(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::RoleRevoked({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::Unpaused(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::Unpaused({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::Upgraded(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::Upgraded({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::WithdrawalClaimed(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::WithdrawalClaimed({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::ValidatorExitClaimed(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::ValidatorExitClaimed({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::Withdrawal(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::Withdrawal({v:?})"
            )),
            StakeTableV2Events::MetadataUriUpdated(v) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Unsupported StakeTableV2Events::MetadataUriUpdated({v:?})"
            )),
        }
    }
}

fn sort_stake_table_events(
    event_logs: Vec<(StakeTableV2Events, Log)>,
) -> Result<Vec<(EventKey, StakeTableEvent)>, EventSortingError> {
    let mut events: Vec<(EventKey, StakeTableEvent)> = Vec::new();

    let key = |log: &Log| -> Result<EventKey, EventSortingError> {
        let block_number = log
            .block_number
            .ok_or(EventSortingError::MissingBlockNumber)?;
        let log_index = log.log_index.ok_or(EventSortingError::MissingLogIndex)?;
        Ok((block_number, log_index))
    };

    for (e, log) in event_logs {
        let k = key(&log)?;
        let evt: StakeTableEvent = e
            .try_into()
            .map_err(|_| EventSortingError::InvalidStakeTableV2Event)?;
        events.push((k, evt));
    }

    events.sort_by_key(|(key, _)| *key);
    Ok(events)
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
pub struct StakeTableState {
    validators: ValidatorMap,
    validator_exits: HashSet<Address>,
    used_bls_keys: HashSet<BLSPubKey>,
    used_schnorr_keys: HashSet<SchnorrPubKey>,
}

impl Committable for StakeTableState {
    fn commit(&self) -> committable::Commitment<Self> {
        let mut builder = RawCommitmentBuilder::new(&Self::tag());

        for (_, validator) in self.validators.iter().sorted_by_key(|(a, _)| *a) {
            builder = builder.field("validator", validator.commit());
        }

        builder = builder.constant_str("used_bls_keys");
        for key in self.used_bls_keys.iter().sorted() {
            builder = builder.var_size_bytes(&key.to_bytes());
        }

        builder = builder.constant_str("used_schnorr_keys");
        for key in self
            .used_schnorr_keys
            .iter()
            .sorted_by(|a, b| a.to_affine().xy().cmp(&b.to_affine().xy()))
        {
            let mut schnorr_key_bytes = vec![];
            key.serialize_with_mode(&mut schnorr_key_bytes, ark_serialize::Compress::Yes)
                .unwrap();
            builder = builder.var_size_bytes(&schnorr_key_bytes);
        }

        builder = builder.constant_str("validator_exits");

        for key in self.validator_exits.iter().sorted() {
            builder = builder.fixed_size_bytes(&key.into_array());
        }

        builder.finalize()
    }

    fn tag() -> String {
        "STAKE_TABLE".to_string()
    }
}

impl StakeTableState {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            validators: IndexMap::new(),
            validator_exits: HashSet::new(),
            used_bls_keys: HashSet::new(),
            used_schnorr_keys: HashSet::new(),
        }
    }

    pub fn validators(&self) -> &ValidatorMap {
        &self.validators
    }

    pub fn into_validators(self) -> ValidatorMap {
        self.validators
    }

    /// Applies a stake table event to this state.
    ///
    ///
    /// This function MUST NOT modify `self` if the event is invalid. All validation
    /// checks must be performed before any state modifications occur.
    pub fn apply_event(&mut self, event: StakeTableEvent) -> ApplyEventResult<()> {
        match event {
            StakeTableEvent::Register(ValidatorRegistered {
                account,
                blsVk,
                schnorrVk,
                commission,
            }) => {
                let stake_table_key: BLSPubKey = blsVk.into();
                let state_ver_key: SchnorrPubKey = schnorrVk.into();

                if self.validator_exits.contains(&account) {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::ValidatorAlreadyExited(account));
                }

                let entry = self.validators.entry(account);
                if let indexmap::map::Entry::Occupied(_) = entry {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::AlreadyRegistered(account));
                }

                // The stake table contract enforces that each bls key is only used once.
                if self.used_bls_keys.contains(&stake_table_key) {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::BlsKeyAlreadyUsed(
                        stake_table_key.to_string(),
                    ));
                }

                // The stake table v1 contract does *not* enforce that each schnorr key is only used once.
                if self.used_schnorr_keys.contains(&state_ver_key) {
                    return Ok(Err(ExpectedStakeTableError::SchnorrKeyAlreadyUsed(
                        state_ver_key.to_string(),
                    )));
                }

                // All checks ok, applying changes
                self.used_bls_keys.insert(stake_table_key);
                self.used_schnorr_keys.insert(state_ver_key.clone());

                entry.or_insert(Validator {
                    account,
                    stake_table_key,
                    state_ver_key,
                    stake: U256::ZERO,
                    commission,
                    delegators: HashMap::new(),
                });
            },

            StakeTableEvent::RegisterV2(reg) => {
                // Signature authentication is performed right after fetching, if we get an
                // unauthenticated event here, something went wrong, we abort early.
                reg.authenticate()
                    .map_err(|e| StakeTableError::AuthenticationFailed(e.to_string()))?;

                let ValidatorRegisteredV2 {
                    account,
                    blsVK,
                    schnorrVK,
                    commission,
                    ..
                } = reg;

                let stake_table_key: BLSPubKey = blsVK.into();
                let state_ver_key: SchnorrPubKey = schnorrVK.into();

                // Reject if validator already exited
                if self.validator_exits.contains(&account) {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::ValidatorAlreadyExited(account));
                }

                let entry = self.validators.entry(account);
                if let indexmap::map::Entry::Occupied(_) = entry {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::AlreadyRegistered(account));
                }

                // The stake table v2 contract enforces that each bls key is only used once.
                if self.used_bls_keys.contains(&stake_table_key) {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::BlsKeyAlreadyUsed(
                        stake_table_key.to_string(),
                    ));
                }

                // The stake table v2 contract enforces schnorr key is only used once.
                if self.used_schnorr_keys.contains(&state_ver_key) {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::SchnorrKeyAlreadyUsed(
                        state_ver_key.to_string(),
                    ));
                }

                // All checks ok, applying changes
                self.used_bls_keys.insert(stake_table_key);
                self.used_schnorr_keys.insert(state_ver_key.clone());

                entry.or_insert(Validator {
                    account,
                    stake_table_key,
                    state_ver_key,
                    stake: U256::ZERO,
                    commission,
                    delegators: HashMap::new(),
                });
            },

            StakeTableEvent::Deregister(ValidatorExit { validator })
            | StakeTableEvent::DeregisterV2(ValidatorExitV2 { validator, .. }) => {
                if !self.validators.contains_key(&validator) {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::ValidatorNotFound(validator));
                }

                // All checks ok, applying changes
                self.validator_exits.insert(validator);
                self.validators.shift_remove(&validator);
            },

            StakeTableEvent::Delegate(delegated) => {
                let Delegated {
                    delegator,
                    validator,
                    amount,
                } = delegated;

                // Check amount is not zero first
                if amount.is_zero() {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::ZeroDelegatorStake(delegator));
                }

                let val = self
                    .validators
                    .get_mut(&validator)
                    .ok_or(StakeTableError::ValidatorNotFound(validator))?;

                // All checks ok, applying changes
                // This cannot overflow in practice
                val.stake = val.stake.checked_add(amount).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                    panic!(
                        "validator stake overflow: validator={validator}, stake={}, \
                         amount={amount}",
                        val.stake
                    )
                });
                // Insert the delegator with the given stake
                // or increase the stake if already present
                val.delegators
                    .entry(delegator)
                    .and_modify(|stake| {
                        *stake = stake.checked_add(amount).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                            panic!(
                                "delegator stake overflow: delegator={delegator}, stake={stake}, \
                                 amount={amount}"
                            )
                        });
                    })
                    .or_insert(amount);
            },

            StakeTableEvent::Undelegate(Undelegated {
                delegator,
                validator,
                amount,
            })
            | StakeTableEvent::UndelegateV2(UndelegatedV2 {
                delegator,
                validator,
                amount,
                ..
            }) => {
                let val = self
                    .validators
                    .get_mut(&validator)
                    .ok_or(StakeTableError::ValidatorNotFound(validator))?;

                if val.stake < amount {
                    tracing::warn!("validator_stake={}, amount={amount}", val.stake);
                    return Err(StakeTableError::InsufficientStake);
                }

                let delegator_stake = val
                    .delegators
                    .get_mut(&delegator)
                    .ok_or(StakeTableError::DelegatorNotFound(delegator))?;

                if *delegator_stake < amount {
                    tracing::warn!("delegator_stake={delegator_stake}, amount={amount}");
                    return Err(StakeTableError::InsufficientStake);
                }

                // Can unwrap because check above passed
                let new_delegator_stake = delegator_stake.checked_sub(amount).unwrap();

                // Can unwrap because check above passed
                // All checks ok, applying changes
                val.stake = val.stake.checked_sub(amount).unwrap();

                if new_delegator_stake.is_zero() {
                    val.delegators.remove(&delegator);
                } else {
                    *delegator_stake = new_delegator_stake;
                }
            },

            StakeTableEvent::KeyUpdate(update) => {
                let ConsensusKeysUpdated {
                    account,
                    blsVK,
                    schnorrVK,
                } = update;

                let stake_table_key: BLSPubKey = blsVK.into();
                let state_ver_key: SchnorrPubKey = schnorrVK.into();

                if !self.validators.contains_key(&account) {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::ValidatorNotFound(account));
                }

                if self.used_bls_keys.contains(&stake_table_key) {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::BlsKeyAlreadyUsed(
                        stake_table_key.to_string(),
                    ));
                }

                // The stake table v1 contract does *not* enforce that each schnorr key is only used once,
                // therefore it's possible to have multiple validators with the same schnorr key.
                if self.used_schnorr_keys.contains(&state_ver_key) {
                    return Ok(Err(ExpectedStakeTableError::SchnorrKeyAlreadyUsed(
                        state_ver_key.to_string(),
                    )));
                }

                // All checks ok, applying changes
                self.used_bls_keys.insert(stake_table_key);
                self.used_schnorr_keys.insert(state_ver_key.clone());
                // Can unwrap because check above passed
                let validator = self.validators.get_mut(&account).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                    panic!("validator {account} must exist after contains_key check")
                });
                validator.stake_table_key = stake_table_key;
                validator.state_ver_key = state_ver_key;
            },

            StakeTableEvent::KeyUpdateV2(update) => {
                // Signature authentication is performed right after fetching, if we get an
                // unauthenticated event here, something went wrong, we abort early.
                update
                    .authenticate()
                    .map_err(|e| StakeTableError::AuthenticationFailed(e.to_string()))?;

                let ConsensusKeysUpdatedV2 {
                    account,
                    blsVK,
                    schnorrVK,
                    ..
                } = update;

                let stake_table_key: BLSPubKey = blsVK.into();
                let state_ver_key: SchnorrPubKey = schnorrVK.into();

                if !self.validators.contains_key(&account) {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::ValidatorNotFound(account));
                }

                // The stake table contract enforces that each bls key is only used once.
                if self.used_bls_keys.contains(&stake_table_key) {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::BlsKeyAlreadyUsed(
                        stake_table_key.to_string(),
                    ));
                }

                // The stake table v2 contract enforces that each schnorr key is only used once
                if self.used_schnorr_keys.contains(&state_ver_key) {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::SchnorrKeyAlreadyUsed(
                        state_ver_key.to_string(),
                    ));
                }

                // All checks ok, applying changes
                self.used_bls_keys.insert(stake_table_key);
                self.used_schnorr_keys.insert(state_ver_key.clone());

                // Can unwrap because check above passed
                let validator = self.validators.get_mut(&account).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                    panic!("validator {account} must exist after contains_key check")
                });
                validator.stake_table_key = stake_table_key;
                validator.state_ver_key = state_ver_key;
            },

            StakeTableEvent::CommissionUpdate(CommissionUpdated {
                validator,
                newCommission,
                ..
            }) => {
                // NOTE: Commission update events are supported only in protocol
                // version V4 and stake table contract V2.
                if newCommission > COMMISSION_BASIS_POINTS {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::InvalidCommission(validator, newCommission));
                }

                // NOTE: currently we are not enforcing changes to the
                // commission increase rates and leave this enforcement to the
                // stake table contract.
                let val = self
                    .validators
                    .get_mut(&validator)
                    .ok_or(StakeTableError::ValidatorNotFound(validator))?;
                val.commission = newCommission;
            },
        }

        Ok(Ok(()))
    }
}

pub fn validators_from_l1_events<I: Iterator<Item = StakeTableEvent>>(
    events: I,
) -> Result<(ValidatorMap, StakeTableHash), StakeTableError> {
    let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
    for event in events {
        match state.apply_event(event.clone()) {
            Ok(Ok(())) => {
                // Event successfully applied
            },
            Ok(Err(expected_err)) => {
                // Expected error, dont change the state
                tracing::warn!("Expected error while applying event {event:?}: {expected_err}");
            },
            Err(err) => {
                tracing::error!("Fatal error in applying event {event:?}: {err}");
                return Err(err);
            },
        }
    }
    let commit = state.commit();
    Ok((state.into_validators(), commit))
}

/// Select active validators
///
/// Filters out validators without stake and selects the top 100 staked validators.
/// Returns a new ValidatorMap containing only the selected validators.
pub(crate) fn select_active_validator_set(
    validators: &ValidatorMap,
) -> Result<ValidatorMap, StakeTableError> {
    let total_validators = validators.len();

    // Filter out validators with no delegators or zero stake
    let valid_validators: ValidatorMap = validators
        .iter()
        .filter(|(address, validator)| {
            if validator.delegators.is_empty() {
                tracing::info!("Validator {address:?} does not have any delegator");
                return false;
            }

            if validator.stake.is_zero() {
                tracing::info!("Validator {address:?} does not have any stake");
                return false;
            }

            true
        })
        .map(|(addr, val)| (*addr, val.clone()))
        .collect();

    tracing::debug!(
        total_validators,
        filtered = valid_validators.len(),
        "Filtered out invalid validators"
    );

    if valid_validators.is_empty() {
        tracing::warn!("Validator selection failed: no validators passed minimum criteria");
        return Err(StakeTableError::NoValidValidators);
    }

    let maximum_stake = valid_validators.values().map(|v| v.stake).max().unwrap();

    let minimum_stake = maximum_stake
        .checked_div(U256::from(VID_TARGET_TOTAL_STAKE))
        .ok_or_else(|| {
            tracing::error!("Overflow while calculating minimum stake threshold");
            StakeTableError::MinimumStakeOverflow
        })?;

    let mut valid_stakers: Vec<_> = valid_validators
        .iter()
        .filter(|(_, v)| v.stake >= minimum_stake)
        .map(|(addr, v)| (*addr, v.stake))
        .collect();

    tracing::info!(
        count = valid_stakers.len(),
        "Number of validators above minimum stake threshold"
    );

    // Sort by stake (descending order)
    valid_stakers.sort_by_key(|(_, stake)| std::cmp::Reverse(*stake));

    if valid_stakers.len() > 100 {
        valid_stakers.truncate(100);
    }

    let selected_addresses: HashSet<_> = valid_stakers.iter().map(|(addr, _)| *addr).collect();
    let selected_validators: ValidatorMap = valid_validators
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|(address, _)| selected_addresses.contains(address))
        .collect();

    tracing::info!(
        final_count = selected_validators.len(),
        "Selected active validator set"
    );

    Ok(selected_validators)
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct ValidatorSet {
    pub all_validators: ValidatorMap,
    pub active_validators: ValidatorMap,
    pub stake_table_hash: Option<StakeTableHash>,
}

/// Extract the active validator set from the L1 stake table events.
pub(crate) fn validator_set_from_l1_events<I: Iterator<Item = StakeTableEvent>>(
    events: I,
) -> Result<ValidatorSet, StakeTableError> {
    let (all_validators, stake_table_hash) = validators_from_l1_events(events)?;
    let active_validators = select_active_validator_set(&all_validators)?;

    let validator_set = ValidatorSet {
        all_validators,
        active_validators,
        stake_table_hash: Some(stake_table_hash),
    };

    Ok(validator_set)
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for StakeTableEvent {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            StakeTableEvent::Register(event) => write!(f, "Register({:?})", event.account),
            StakeTableEvent::RegisterV2(event) => write!(f, "RegisterV2({:?})", event.account),
            StakeTableEvent::Deregister(event) => write!(f, "Deregister({:?})", event.validator),
            StakeTableEvent::DeregisterV2(event) => {
                write!(f, "DeregisterV2({:?})", event.validator)
            },
            StakeTableEvent::Delegate(event) => write!(f, "Delegate({:?})", event.delegator),
            StakeTableEvent::Undelegate(event) => write!(f, "Undelegate({:?})", event.delegator),
            StakeTableEvent::UndelegateV2(event) => {
                write!(f, "UndelegateV2({:?})", event.delegator)
            },
            StakeTableEvent::KeyUpdate(event) => write!(f, "KeyUpdate({:?})", event.account),
            StakeTableEvent::KeyUpdateV2(event) => write!(f, "KeyUpdateV2({:?})", event.account),
            StakeTableEvent::CommissionUpdate(event) => {
                write!(f, "CommissionUpdate({:?})", event.validator)
            },
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, derive_more::derive::Debug)]
/// Type to describe DA and Stake memberships
pub struct EpochCommittees {
    /// Committee used when we're in pre-epoch state
    non_epoch_committee: NonEpochCommittee,
    /// Holds Stake table and da stake
    state: HashMap<Epoch, EpochCommittee>,
    /// Randomized committees, filled when we receive the DrbResult
    randomized_committees: BTreeMap<Epoch, RandomizedCommittee<StakeTableEntry<PubKey>>>,
    /// DA committees, indexed by the first epoch in which they apply
    da_committees: BTreeMap<u64, DaCommittee>,
    first_epoch: Option<Epoch>,
    epoch_height: u64,
    /// Fixed block reward (used only in V3).
    /// starting from V4, block reward is dynamic
    fixed_block_reward: Option<RewardAmount>,
    fetcher: Arc<Fetcher>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct DaCommittee {
    committee: Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>,
    indexed_committee: HashMap<PubKey, PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>,
}

impl Fetcher {
    pub fn new(
        peers: Arc<dyn StateCatchup>,
        persistence: Arc<Mutex<dyn MembershipPersistence>>,
        l1_client: L1Client,
        chain_config: ChainConfig,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            peers,
            persistence,
            l1_client,
            chain_config: Arc::new(Mutex::new(chain_config)),
            update_task: StakeTableUpdateTask(Mutex::new(None)).into(),
            initial_supply: Arc::new(RwLock::new(None)),
        }
    }

    pub async fn spawn_update_loop(&self) {
        let mut update_task = self.update_task.0.lock().await;
        if update_task.is_none() {
            *update_task = Some(spawn(self.update_loop()));
        }
    }

    /// Periodically updates the stake table from the L1 contract.
    /// This function polls the finalized block number from the L1 client at an interval
    /// and fetches stake table from contract
    /// and updates the persistence
    fn update_loop(&self) -> impl Future<Output = ()> {
        let span = tracing::warn_span!("Stake table update loop");
        let self_clone = self.clone();
        let state = self.l1_client.state.clone();
        let l1_retry = self.l1_client.options().l1_retry_delay;
        let update_delay = self.l1_client.options().stake_table_update_interval;
        let chain_config = self.chain_config.clone();

        async move {
            // Get the stake table contract address from the chain config.
            // This may not contain a stake table address if we are on a pre-epoch version.
            // It keeps retrying until the chain config is upgraded
            // after a successful upgrade to an epoch version.
            let stake_contract_address = loop {
                let contract = chain_config.lock().await.stake_table_contract;
                match contract {
                    Some(addr) => break addr,
                    None => {
                        tracing::debug!(
                            "Stake table contract address not found. Retrying in {l1_retry:?}...",
                        );
                    },
                }
                sleep(l1_retry).await;
            };

            // Begin the main polling loop
            loop {
                let finalized_block = loop {
                    let last_finalized = state.lock().await.last_finalized;
                    if let Some(block) = last_finalized {
                        break block;
                    }
                    tracing::debug!("Finalized block not yet available. Retrying in {l1_retry:?}",);
                    sleep(l1_retry).await;
                };

                tracing::debug!("Attempting to fetch stake table at L1 block {finalized_block:?}",);

                loop {
                    match self_clone
                        .fetch_and_store_stake_table_events(stake_contract_address, finalized_block)
                        .await
                    {
                        Ok(events) => {
                            tracing::info!(
                                "Successfully fetched and stored stake table events at \
                                 block={finalized_block:?}"
                            );
                            tracing::debug!("events={events:?}");
                            break;
                        },
                        Err(e) => {
                            tracing::error!(
                                "Error fetching stake table at block {finalized_block:?}. err= \
                                 {e:#}",
                            );
                            sleep(l1_retry).await;
                        },
                    }
                }

                tracing::debug!("Waiting {update_delay:?} before next stake table update...",);
                sleep(update_delay).await;
            }
        }
        .instrument(span)
    }

    /// Get `StakeTable` at specific l1 block height.
    /// This function fetches and processes various events (ValidatorRegistered, ValidatorExit,
    /// Delegated, Undelegated, and ConsensusKeysUpdated) within the block range from the
    /// contract's initialization block to the provided `to_block` value.
    /// Events are fetched in chunks and retries are implemented for failed requests.
    /// Only new events fetched from L1 are stored in persistence.
    pub async fn fetch_and_store_stake_table_events(
        &self,
        contract: Address,
        to_block: u64,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<(EventKey, StakeTableEvent)>> {
        let (read_l1_offset, persistence_events) = {
            let persistence_lock = self.persistence.lock().await;
            persistence_lock.load_events(to_block).await?
        };

        tracing::info!("loaded events from storage to_block={to_block:?}");

        // No need to fetch from contract
        // if persistence returns all the events that we need
        if let Some(EventsPersistenceRead::Complete) = read_l1_offset {
            return Ok(persistence_events);
        }

        let from_block = read_l1_offset
            .map(|read| match read {
                EventsPersistenceRead::UntilL1Block(block) => Ok(block + 1),
                EventsPersistenceRead::Complete => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Unexpected state. offset is complete after returning early"
                )),
            })
            .transpose()?;

        ensure!(
            Some(to_block) >= from_block,
            "to_block {to_block:?} is less than from_block {from_block:?}"
        );

        tracing::info!(%to_block, from_block = ?from_block, "Fetching events from contract");

        let contract_events = Self::fetch_events_from_contract(
            self.l1_client.clone(),
            contract,
            from_block,
            to_block,
        )
        .await?;

        // Store only the new events fetched from L1 contract
        if !contract_events.is_empty() {
            tracing::info!(
                "storing {} new events in storage to_block={to_block:?}",
                contract_events.len()
            );
            {
                let persistence_lock = self.persistence.lock().await;
                persistence_lock
                    .store_events(to_block, contract_events.clone())
                    .await
                    .inspect_err(|e| tracing::error!("failed to store events. err={e}"))?;
            }
        }

        let mut events = match from_block {
            Some(_) => persistence_events
                .into_iter()
                .chain(contract_events)
                .collect(),
            None => contract_events,
        };

        // There are no duplicates because the RPC returns all events,
        // which are stored directly in persistence as is.
        // However, this step is taken as a precaution.
        // The vector is already sorted above, so this should be fast.
        let len_before_dedup = events.len();
        events.dedup();
        let len_after_dedup = events.len();
        if len_before_dedup != len_after_dedup {
            tracing::warn!("Duplicate events found and removed. This should not normally happen.")
        }

        Ok(events)
    }

    /// Validate a stake table event.
    ///
    /// Returns:
    /// - `Ok(true)` if the event is valid and should be processed
    /// - `Ok(false)` if the event should be skipped (non-fatal error)
    /// - `Err(StakeTableError)` if a fatal error occurs
    fn validate_event(event: &StakeTableV2Events, log: &Log) -> Result<bool, StakeTableError> {
        match event {
            StakeTableV2Events::ValidatorRegisteredV2(evt) => {
                if let Err(err) = evt.authenticate() {
                    tracing::warn!(
                        %err,
                        "Failed to authenticate ValidatorRegisteredV2 event: {}",
                        log.display()
                    );
                    return Ok(false);
                }
            },
            StakeTableV2Events::ConsensusKeysUpdatedV2(evt) => {
                if let Err(err) = evt.authenticate() {
                    tracing::warn!(
                        %err,
                        "Failed to authenticate ConsensusKeysUpdatedV2 event: {}",
                        log.display()
                    );
                    return Ok(false);
                }
            },
            StakeTableV2Events::CommissionUpdated(CommissionUpdated {
                validator,
                newCommission,
                ..
            }) => {
                if *newCommission > COMMISSION_BASIS_POINTS {
                    return Err(StakeTableError::InvalidCommission(
                        *validator,
                        *newCommission,
                    ));
                }
            },
            _ => {},
        }

        Ok(true)
    }

    /// Break a block range into fixed-size chunks.
    fn block_range_chunks(
        from_block: u64,
        to_block: u64,
        chunk_size: u64,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (u64, u64)> {
        let mut start = from_block;
        let end = to_block;
        std::iter::from_fn(move || {
            let chunk_end = min(start + chunk_size - 1, end);
            if chunk_end < start {
                return None;
            }
            let chunk = (start, chunk_end);
            start = chunk_end + 1;
            Some(chunk)
        })
    }

    /// Fetch all stake table events from L1
    pub async fn fetch_events_from_contract(
        l1_client: L1Client,
        contract: Address,
        from_block: Option<u64>,
        to_block: u64,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(EventKey, StakeTableEvent)>, StakeTableError> {
        let stake_table_contract = StakeTableV2::new(contract, l1_client.provider.clone());
        let max_retry_duration = l1_client.options().l1_events_max_retry_duration;
        let retry_delay = l1_client.options().l1_retry_delay;
        // get the block number when the contract was initialized
        // to avoid fetching events from block number 0
        let from_block = match from_block {
            Some(block) => block,
            None => {
                let start = Instant::now();
                loop {
                    match stake_table_contract.initializedAtBlock().call().await {
                        Ok(init_block) => break init_block.to::<u64>(),
                        Err(err) => {
                            if start.elapsed() >= max_retry_duration {
                                panic!(
                                    "Failed to retrieve initial block after `{}`: {err}",
                                    format_duration(max_retry_duration)
                                );
                            }
                            tracing::warn!(%err, "Failed to retrieve initial block, retrying...");
                            sleep(retry_delay).await;
                        },
                    }
                }
            },
        };

        // To avoid making large RPC calls, divide the range into smaller chunks.
        // chunk size is from env "ESPRESSO_SEQUENCER_L1_EVENTS_MAX_BLOCK_RANGE
        // default value  is `10000` if env variable is not set
        let chunk_size = l1_client.options().l1_events_max_block_range;
        let chunks = Self::block_range_chunks(from_block, to_block, chunk_size);

        let mut events = vec![];

        for (from, to) in chunks {
            let provider = l1_client.provider.clone();

            tracing::debug!(from, to, "fetch all stake table events in range");
            // fetch events
            // retry if the call to the provider to fetch the events fails
            let logs: Vec<Log> = retry(
                retry_delay,
                max_retry_duration,
                "stake table events fetch",
                move || {
                    let provider = provider.clone();

                    Box::pin(async move {
                        let filter = Filter::new()
                            .events([
                                ValidatorRegistered::SIGNATURE,
                                ValidatorRegisteredV2::SIGNATURE,
                                ValidatorExit::SIGNATURE,
                                ValidatorExitV2::SIGNATURE,
                                Delegated::SIGNATURE,
                                Undelegated::SIGNATURE,
                                UndelegatedV2::SIGNATURE,
                                ConsensusKeysUpdated::SIGNATURE,
                                ConsensusKeysUpdatedV2::SIGNATURE,
                                CommissionUpdated::SIGNATURE,
                            ])
                            .address(contract)
                            .from_block(from)
                            .to_block(to);
                        provider.get_logs(&filter).await
                    })
                },
            )
            .await;

            let chunk_events = logs
                .into_iter()
                .filter_map(|log| {
                    let event =
                        StakeTableV2Events::decode_raw_log(log.topics(), &log.data().data).ok()?;
                    match Self::validate_event(&event, &log) {
                        Ok(true) => Some(Ok((event, log))),
                        Ok(false) => None,
                        Err(e) => Some(Err(e)),
                    }
                })
                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;

            events.extend(chunk_events);
        }

        sort_stake_table_events(events).map_err(Into::into)
    }

    // Only used by staking CLI which doesn't have persistence
    pub async fn fetch_all_validators_from_contract(
        l1_client: L1Client,
        contract: Address,
        to_block: u64,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<(ValidatorMap, StakeTableHash)> {
        let events = Self::fetch_events_from_contract(l1_client, contract, None, to_block).await?;

        // Process the sorted events and return the resulting stake table.
        validators_from_l1_events(events.into_iter().map(|(_, e)| e))
            .context("failed to construct validators set from l1 events")
    }

    /// Calculates the fixed block reward based on the token's initial supply.
    /// - The initial supply is fetched from the token contract
    /// - If the supply is not present, it invokes `fetch_and_update_initial_supply` to retrieve it.
    pub async fn fetch_fixed_block_reward(&self) -> Result<RewardAmount, FetchRewardError> {
        // `fetch_and_update_initial_supply` needs a write lock, create temporary to drop lock
        let initial_supply = *self.initial_supply.read().await;
        let initial_supply = match initial_supply {
            Some(supply) => supply,
            None => self.fetch_and_update_initial_supply().await?,
        };

        let reward = ((initial_supply * U256::from(INFLATION_RATE)) / U256::from(BLOCKS_PER_YEAR))
            .checked_div(U256::from(COMMISSION_BASIS_POINTS))
            .ok_or(FetchRewardError::DivisionByZero(
                "COMMISSION_BASIS_POINTS is zero",
            ))?;

        Ok(RewardAmount(reward))
    }

    /// This function fetches and updates the initial token supply.
    /// It fetches the initial supply from the token contract.
    ///
    /// - We now rely on the `Initialized` event of the token contract (which should only occur once).
    /// - After locating this event, we fetch its transaction receipt and look for a decoded `Transfer` log
    /// - If either step fails, the function aborts to prevent incorrect reward calculations.
    ///
    /// Relying on mint events directly e.g., searching for mints from the zero address is prone to errors
    /// because in future when reward withdrawals are supported, there might be more than one mint transfer logs from
    /// zero address
    ///
    /// The ESP token contract itself does not expose the initialization block
    /// but the stake table contract does
    /// The stake table contract is deployed after the token contract as it holds the token
    /// contract address. We use the stake table contract initialization block as a safe upper bound when scanning
    ///  backwards for the token contract initialization event
    pub async fn fetch_and_update_initial_supply(&self) -> Result<U256, FetchRewardError> {
        tracing::info!("Fetching token initial supply");
        let chain_config = *self.chain_config.lock().await;

        let stake_table_contract = chain_config
            .stake_table_contract
            .ok_or(FetchRewardError::MissingStakeTableContract)?;

        let provider = self.l1_client.provider.clone();
        let stake_table = StakeTableV2::new(stake_table_contract, provider.clone());

        // Get the block number where the stake table was initialized
        // Stake table contract has the token contract address
        // so the token contract is deployed before the stake table contract
        let stake_table_init_block = stake_table
            .initializedAtBlock()
            .block(BlockId::finalized())
            .call()
            .await
            .map_err(FetchRewardError::ContractCall)?
            .to::<u64>();

        tracing::info!("stake table init block ={stake_table_init_block}");

        let token_address = stake_table
            .token()
            .block(BlockId::finalized())
            .call()
            .await
            .map_err(FetchRewardError::TokenAddressFetch)?;

        let token = EspToken::new(token_address, provider.clone());

        // Try to fetch the `Initialized` event directly. This event is emitted only once,
        // during the token contract initialization. The initialization transaction also transfers initial supply minted
        // from the zero address. Since the result set is small (a single event),
        // most RPC providers like Infura and Alchemy allow querying across the full block range
        // If this fails because provider does not allow the query due to rate limiting (or some other error), we fall
        // back to scanning over a fixed block range.
        let init_logs = token
            .Initialized_filter()
            .from_block(0u64)
            .to_block(BlockNumberOrTag::Finalized)
            .query()
            .await;

        let init_log = match init_logs {
            Ok(init_logs) => {
                if init_logs.is_empty() {
                    tracing::error!(
                        "Token Initialized event logs are empty. This should never happen"
                    );
                    return Err(FetchRewardError::MissingInitializedEvent);
                }

                let (_, init_log) = init_logs[0].clone();

                tracing::debug!(tx_hash = ?init_log.transaction_hash, "Found token `Initialized` event");
                init_log
            },
            Err(err) => {
                tracing::warn!(
                    "RPC returned error {err:?}. will fallback to scanning over fixed block range"
                );
                self.scan_token_contract_initialized_event_log(stake_table_init_block, token)
                    .await?
            },
        };

        // Get the transaction that emitted the Initialized event
        let tx_hash =
            init_log
                .transaction_hash
                .ok_or_else(|| FetchRewardError::MissingTransactionHash {
                    init_log: init_log.clone().into(),
                })?;

        // Get the transaction that emitted the Initialized event
        let init_tx = provider
            .get_transaction_receipt(tx_hash)
            .await
            .map_err(FetchRewardError::Rpc)?
            .ok_or_else(|| FetchRewardError::MissingTransactionReceipt {
                tx_hash: tx_hash.to_string(),
            })?;

        let mint_transfer = init_tx.decoded_log::<EspToken::Transfer>().ok_or(
            FetchRewardError::DecodeTransferLog {
                tx_hash: tx_hash.to_string(),
            },
        )?;

        tracing::debug!("mint transfer event ={mint_transfer:?}");
        if mint_transfer.from != Address::ZERO {
            return Err(FetchRewardError::InvalidMintFromAddress);
        }

        let initial_supply = mint_transfer.value;

        tracing::info!("Initial token amount: {} ESP", format_ether(initial_supply));

        let mut writer = self.initial_supply.write().await;
        *writer = Some(initial_supply);

        Ok(initial_supply)
    }

    /// Scans backwards in fixed-size block ranges to locate the `Initialized` event of the token contract.
    ///
    /// This is a fallback method used when querying the full block range for the `Initialized` event fails
    ///
    /// Starting from the stake table contract’s initialization block (which comes after the token contract
    /// is deployed), it scans in chunks (defined by `l1_events_max_block_range`) until it finds the event
    /// or until a maximum number of blocks (`MAX_BLOCKS_SCANNED`) is reached.
    pub async fn scan_token_contract_initialized_event_log(
        &self,
        stake_table_init_block: u64,
        token: EspTokenInstance<L1Provider>,
    ) -> Result<Log, FetchRewardError> {
        let max_events_range = self.l1_client.options().l1_events_max_block_range;
        const MAX_BLOCKS_SCANNED: u64 = 200_000;
        let mut total_scanned = 0;

        let mut from_block = stake_table_init_block.saturating_sub(max_events_range);
        let mut to_block = stake_table_init_block;

        loop {
            if total_scanned >= MAX_BLOCKS_SCANNED {
                tracing::error!(
                    total_scanned,
                    "Exceeded maximum scan range while searching for token Initialized event"
                );
                return Err(FetchRewardError::ExceededMaxScanRange(MAX_BLOCKS_SCANNED));
            }

            let init_logs = token
                .Initialized_filter()
                .from_block(from_block)
                .to_block(to_block)
                .query()
                .await
                .map_err(FetchRewardError::ScanQueryFailed)?;

            if !init_logs.is_empty() {
                let (_, init_log) = init_logs[0].clone();
                tracing::info!(
                    from_block,
                    tx_hash = ?init_log.transaction_hash,
                    "Found token Initialized event during scan"
                );
                return Ok(init_log);
            }

            total_scanned += max_events_range;
            from_block = from_block.saturating_sub(max_events_range);
            to_block = to_block.saturating_sub(max_events_range);
        }
    }

    pub async fn update_chain_config(&self, header: &Header) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let chain_config = self.get_chain_config(header).await?;
        // update chain config
        *self.chain_config.lock().await = chain_config;

        Ok(())
    }

    pub async fn fetch(&self, epoch: Epoch, header: &Header) -> anyhow::Result<ValidatorSet> {
        let chain_config = *self.chain_config.lock().await;
        let Some(address) = chain_config.stake_table_contract else {
            bail!("No stake table contract address found in Chain config");
        };

        let Some(l1_finalized_block_info) = header.l1_finalized() else {
            bail!(
                "The epoch root for epoch {epoch} is missing the L1 finalized block info. This is \
                 a fatal error. Consensus is blocked and will not recover."
            );
        };

        let events = match self
            .fetch_and_store_stake_table_events(address, l1_finalized_block_info.number())
            .await
            .map_err(GetStakeTablesError::L1ClientFetchError)
        {
            Ok(events) => events,
            Err(e) => {
                bail!("failed to fetch stake table events {e:?}");
            },
        };

        match validator_set_from_l1_events(events.into_iter().map(|(_, e)| e)) {
            Ok(res) => Ok(res),
            Err(e) => {
                bail!("failed to construct stake table {e:?}");
            },
        }
    }

    /// Retrieve and verify `ChainConfig`
    // TODO move to appropriate object (Header?)
    pub(crate) async fn get_chain_config(&self, header: &Header) -> anyhow::Result<ChainConfig> {
        let chain_config = self.chain_config.lock().await;
        let peers = self.peers.clone();
        let header_cf = header.chain_config();
        if chain_config.commit() == header_cf.commit() {
            return Ok(*chain_config);
        }

        let cf = match header_cf.resolve() {
            Some(cf) => cf,
            None => peers
                .fetch_chain_config(header_cf.commit())
                .await
                .inspect_err(|err| {
                    tracing::error!("failed to get chain_config from peers. err: {err:?}");
                })?,
        };

        Ok(cf)
    }

    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
    pub fn mock() -> Self {
        use crate::{mock, v0_1::NoStorage};
        let chain_config = ChainConfig::default();
        let l1 = L1Client::new(vec!["http://localhost:3331".parse().unwrap()])
            .expect("Failed to create L1 client");

        let peers = Arc::new(mock::MockStateCatchup::default());
        let persistence = NoStorage;

        Self::new(peers, Arc::new(Mutex::new(persistence)), l1, chain_config)
    }
}

async fn retry<F, T, E>(
    retry_delay: Duration,
    max_duration: Duration,
    operation_name: &str,
    mut operation: F,
) -> T
where
    F: FnMut() -> BoxFuture<'static, Result<T, E>>,
    E: std::fmt::Display,
{
    let start = Instant::now();
    loop {
        match operation().await {
            Ok(result) => return result,
            Err(err) => {
                if start.elapsed() >= max_duration {
                    panic!(
                        r#"
                    Failed to complete operation `{operation_name}` after `{}`.
                    error: {err}
                    

                    This might be caused by:
                    - The current block range being too large for your RPC provider.
                    - The event query returning more data than your RPC allows as
                      some RPC providers limit the number of events returned.
                    - RPC provider outage

                    Suggested solution:
                    - Reduce the value of the environment variable
                      `ESPRESSO_SEQUENCER_L1_EVENTS_MAX_BLOCK_RANGE` to query smaller ranges.
                    - Add multiple RPC providers
                    - Use a different RPC provider with higher rate limits."#,
                        format_duration(max_duration)
                    );
                }
                tracing::warn!(%err, "Retrying `{operation_name}` after error");
                sleep(retry_delay).await;
            },
        }
    }
}

/// Holds Stake table and da stake
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
struct NonEpochCommittee {
    /// The nodes eligible for leadership.
    /// NOTE: This is currently a hack because the DA leader needs to be the quorum
    /// leader but without voting rights.
    eligible_leaders: Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>,

    /// Keys for nodes participating in the network
    stake_table: Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>,

    da_committee: DaCommittee,

    /// Stake entries indexed by public key, for efficient lookup.
    indexed_stake_table: HashMap<PubKey, PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>,
}

/// Holds Stake table and da stake
#[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct EpochCommittee {
    /// The nodes eligible for leadership.
    /// NOTE: This is currently a hack because the DA leader needs to be the quorum
    /// leader but without voting rights.
    eligible_leaders: Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>,
    /// Keys for nodes participating in the network
    stake_table: IndexMap<PubKey, PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>,
    validators: ValidatorMap,
    address_mapping: HashMap<BLSPubKey, Address>,
    block_reward: Option<RewardAmount>,
    stake_table_hash: Option<StakeTableHash>,
    header: Option<Header>,
}

impl EpochCommittees {
    pub fn first_epoch(&self) -> Option<Epoch> {
        self.first_epoch
    }

    pub fn fetcher(&self) -> &Fetcher {
        &self.fetcher
    }

    pub fn fixed_block_reward(&self) -> Option<RewardAmount> {
        self.fixed_block_reward
    }

    /// Fetch the fixed block reward and update it if its None.
    /// We used a fixed block reward for version v3
    /// Version v4 uses the dynamic block reward
    /// Assumes the stake table contract proxy address does not change
    async fn fetch_and_update_fixed_block_reward(
        membership: Arc<RwLock<Self>>,
        epoch: EpochNumber,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<RewardAmount> {
        let membership_reader = membership.upgradable_read().await;
        let fetcher = membership_reader.fetcher.clone();
        match membership_reader.fixed_block_reward {
            Some(reward) => Ok(reward),
            None => {
                tracing::warn!(%epoch,
                    "Block reward is None. attempting to fetch it from L1",

                );
                let block_reward = fetcher
                    .fetch_fixed_block_reward()
                    .await
                    .inspect_err(|err| {
                        tracing::error!(?epoch, ?err, "failed to fetch block_reward");
                    })?;
                let mut writer = RwLockUpgradableReadGuard::upgrade(membership_reader).await;
                writer.fixed_block_reward = Some(block_reward);
                Ok(block_reward)
            },
        }
    }

    pub fn compute_block_reward(
        epoch: &EpochNumber,
        total_supply: U256,
        total_stake: U256,
        avg_block_time_ms: u64,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<RewardAmount> {
        // Convert to BigDecimal for precision
        let total_stake_bd = BigDecimal::from_str(&total_stake.to_string())?;
        let total_supply_bd = BigDecimal::from_str(&(total_supply.to_string()))?;

        tracing::debug!(?epoch, "total_stake={total_stake}");
        tracing::debug!(?epoch, "total_supply_bd={total_supply_bd}");

        let (proportion, reward_rate) =
            calculate_proportion_staked_and_reward_rate(&total_stake_bd, &total_supply_bd)?;
        let inflation_rate = proportion * reward_rate;

        tracing::debug!(?epoch, "inflation_rate={inflation_rate:?}");

        let blocks_per_year = MILLISECONDS_PER_YEAR
            .checked_div(avg_block_time_ms.into())
            .context("avg_block_time_ms is zero")?;

        tracing::debug!(?epoch, "blocks_per_year={blocks_per_year:?}");

        ensure!(!blocks_per_year.is_zero(), "blocks per year is zero");
        let block_reward = (total_supply_bd * inflation_rate) / blocks_per_year;

        let block_reward_u256 = U256::from_str(&block_reward.round(0).to_string())?;

        Ok(block_reward_u256.into())
    }

    /// returns the block reward for the given epoch.
    ///
    /// Reward depends on the epoch root header version:
    /// V3: Returns the fixed block reward as V3 only supports fixed reward
    /// >= V4 : Returns the dynamic block reward
    ///
    /// It also attempts catchup for the root header if not present in the committee,
    /// and also for the stake table of the previous epoch
    /// before computing the dynamic block reward
    pub async fn fetch_and_calculate_block_reward(
        current_epoch: Epoch,
        coordinator: EpochMembershipCoordinator<SeqTypes>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<RewardAmount> {
        let membership_read = coordinator.membership().read().await;
        let fixed_block_reward = membership_read.fixed_block_reward;

        let committee = membership_read
            .state
            .get(&current_epoch)
            .context(format!("committee not found for epoch={current_epoch:?}"))?
            .clone();

        // Return early if committee has a reward already
        if let Some(reward) = committee.block_reward {
            return Ok(reward);
        }

        let first_epoch = *membership_read.first_epoch().context(format!(
            "First epoch not initialized (current_epoch={current_epoch})"
        ))?;

        drop(membership_read);

        if *current_epoch <= first_epoch + 1 {
            bail!(
                "epoch is in first two epochs: current_epoch={current_epoch}, \
                 first_epoch={first_epoch}"
            );
        }

        let header = match committee.header.clone() {
            Some(header) => header,
            None => {
                let root_epoch = current_epoch.checked_sub(2).context(format!(
                    "Epoch calculation underflow (current_epoch={current_epoch})"
                ))?;

                tracing::info!(?root_epoch, "catchup epoch root header");

                let membership = coordinator.membership();
                let leaf = Self::get_epoch_root(membership.clone(), EpochNumber::new(root_epoch))
                    .await
                    .with_context(|| {
                        format!("Failed to get epoch root for root_epoch={root_epoch}")
                    })?;
                leaf.block_header().clone()
            },
        };

        if header.version() <= EpochVersion::version() {
            return fixed_block_reward.context(format!(
                "Fixed block reward not found for current_epoch={current_epoch}"
            ));
        }

        let prev_epoch_u64 = current_epoch.checked_sub(1).context(format!(
            "Underflow: cannot compute previous epoch when current_epoch={current_epoch}"
        ))?;

        let prev_epoch = EpochNumber::new(prev_epoch_u64);

        // If the previous epoch is not in the first two epochs,
        // there should be a stake table for it
        if *prev_epoch > first_epoch + 1 {
            if let Err(err) = coordinator.stake_table_for_epoch(Some(prev_epoch)).await {
                tracing::info!("failed to get membership for epoch={prev_epoch:?}: {err:#}");

                coordinator
                    .wait_for_catchup(prev_epoch)
                    .await
                    .context(format!("failed to catch up for epoch={prev_epoch}"))?;
            }
        }

        let membership_read = coordinator.membership().read().await;

        membership_read
            .calculate_dynamic_block_reward(&current_epoch, &header, &committee.validators)
            .await
            .with_context(|| {
                format!("dynamic block reward calculation failed for epoch={current_epoch}")
            })?
            .with_context(|| format!("dynamic block reward returned None. epoch={current_epoch}"))
    }

    /// Calculates the dynamic block reward for a given block header within an epoch.
    ///
    /// The reward is based on a dynamic inflation rate computed from the current stake ratio (p),
    /// where `p = total_stake / total_supply`. The inflation function R(p) is defined piecewise:
    /// - If `p <= 0.01`: R(p) = 0.03 / sqrt(2 * 0.01)
    /// - Else: R(p) = 0.03 / sqrt(2 * p)
    async fn calculate_dynamic_block_reward(
        &self,
        epoch: &Epoch,
        header: &Header,
        validators: &ValidatorMap,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<RewardAmount>> {
        let epoch_height = self.epoch_height;
        let current_epoch = epoch_from_block_number(header.height(), epoch_height);
        let previous_epoch = current_epoch
            .checked_sub(1)
            .context("underflow: cannot get previous epoch when current_epoch is 0")?;
        tracing::debug!(?epoch, "previous_epoch={previous_epoch:?}");

        let first_epoch = *self.first_epoch().context("first epoch is None")?;

        // return early if previous epoch is not the first two epochs
        // and we don't have the stake table
        if previous_epoch > first_epoch + 1
            && !self.has_stake_table(EpochNumber::new(previous_epoch))
        {
            tracing::warn!(?previous_epoch, "missing stake table for previous epoch");
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let fetcher = self.fetcher.clone();

        let previous_reward_distributed = header
            .total_reward_distributed()
            .context("Invalid block header: missing total_reward_distributed field")?;

        // Calculate total stake across all active validators
        let total_stake: U256 = validators.values().map(|v| v.stake).sum();
        let initial_supply = *fetcher.initial_supply.read().await;
        let initial_supply = match initial_supply {
            Some(supply) => supply,
            None => fetcher.fetch_and_update_initial_supply().await?,
        };
        let total_supply = initial_supply
            .checked_add(previous_reward_distributed.0)
            .context("initial_supply + previous_reward_distributed overflow")?;

        // Calculate average block time over the last epoch
        let curr_ts = header.timestamp_millis_internal();
        tracing::debug!(?epoch, "curr_ts={curr_ts:?}");

        // If the node starts from epoch version V4, there is no previous epoch root available.
        // In this case, we assume a fixed average block time of 2000 milli seconds (2s)
        // for the first epoch in which reward id distributed
        let average_block_time_ms = if previous_epoch <= first_epoch + 1 {
            ASSUMED_BLOCK_TIME_SECONDS as u64 * 1000 // 2 seconds in milliseconds
        } else {
            let prev_stake_table = self
                .get_stake_table(&Some(EpochNumber::new(previous_epoch)))
                .context("Stake table not found")?
                .into();

            let success_threshold = self.success_threshold(Some(EpochNumber::new(previous_epoch)));

            let root_height = header.height().checked_sub(epoch_height).context(
                "Epoch height is greater than block height. cannot compute previous epoch root \
                 height",
            )?;

            let prev_root = fetcher
                .peers
                .fetch_leaf(root_height, prev_stake_table, success_threshold)
                .await
                .context("Epoch root leaf not found")?;

            let prev_ts = prev_root.block_header().timestamp_millis_internal();
            let time_diff = curr_ts.checked_sub(prev_ts).context(
                "Current timestamp is earlier than previous. underflow in block time calculation",
            )?;

            time_diff
                .checked_div(epoch_height)
                .context("Epoch height is zero. cannot compute average block time")?
        };
        tracing::info!(?epoch, %total_supply, %total_stake, %average_block_time_ms,
                       "dynamic block reward parameters");

        let block_reward =
            Self::compute_block_reward(epoch, total_supply, total_stake, average_block_time_ms)?;

        Ok(Some(block_reward))
    }

    /// This function just returns the stored block reward in epoch committee
    pub fn epoch_block_reward(&self, epoch: EpochNumber) -> Option<RewardAmount> {
        self.state
            .get(&epoch)
            .and_then(|committee| committee.block_reward)
    }
    /// Updates `Self.stake_table` with stake_table for
    /// `Self.contract_address` at `l1_block_height`. This is intended
    /// to be called before calling `self.stake()` so that
    /// `Self.stake_table` only needs to be updated once in a given
    /// life-cycle but may be read from many times.
    fn insert_committee(
        &mut self,
        epoch: EpochNumber,
        validators: ValidatorMap,
        block_reward: Option<RewardAmount>,
        hash: Option<StakeTableHash>,
        header: Option<Header>,
    ) {
        let mut address_mapping = HashMap::new();
        let stake_table: IndexMap<PubKey, PeerConfig<SeqTypes>> = validators
            .values()
            .map(|v| {
                address_mapping.insert(v.stake_table_key, v.account);
                (
                    v.stake_table_key,
                    PeerConfig {
                        stake_table_entry: BLSPubKey::stake_table_entry(
                            &v.stake_table_key,
                            v.stake,
                        ),
                        state_ver_key: v.state_ver_key.clone(),
                    },
                )
            })
            .collect();

        let eligible_leaders: Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>> =
            stake_table.iter().map(|(_, l)| l.clone()).collect();

        self.state.insert(
            epoch,
            EpochCommittee {
                eligible_leaders,
                stake_table,
                validators,
                address_mapping,
                block_reward,
                stake_table_hash: hash,
                header,
            },
        );
    }

    pub fn active_validators(&self, epoch: &Epoch) -> anyhow::Result<ValidatorMap> {
        Ok(self
            .state
            .get(epoch)
            .context("state for found")?
            .validators
            .clone())
    }

    pub fn address(&self, epoch: &Epoch, bls_key: BLSPubKey) -> anyhow::Result<Address> {
        let mapping = self
            .state
            .get(epoch)
            .context("state for found")?
            .address_mapping
            .clone();

        Ok(*mapping.get(&bls_key).context(format!(
            "failed to get ethereum address for bls key {bls_key}. epoch={epoch}"
        ))?)
    }

    pub fn get_validator_config(
        &self,
        epoch: &Epoch,
        key: BLSPubKey,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Validator<BLSPubKey>> {
        let address = self.address(epoch, key)?;
        let validators = self.active_validators(epoch)?;
        validators
            .get(&address)
            .context("validator not found")
            .cloned()
    }

    // We need a constructor to match our concrete type.
    pub fn new_stake(
        // TODO remove `new` from trait and rename this to `new`.
        // https://github.com/EspressoSystems/HotShot/commit/fcb7d54a4443e29d643b3bbc53761856aef4de8b
        committee_members: Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>,
        da_members: Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>,
        fixed_block_reward: Option<RewardAmount>,
        fetcher: Fetcher,
        epoch_height: u64,
    ) -> Self {
        // For each member, get the stake table entry
        let stake_table: Vec<_> = committee_members
            .iter()
            .filter(|&peer_config| peer_config.stake_table_entry.stake() > U256::ZERO)
            .cloned()
            .collect();

        let eligible_leaders = stake_table.clone();
        // For each member, get the stake table entry
        let da_members: Vec<_> = da_members
            .iter()
            .filter(|&peer_config| peer_config.stake_table_entry.stake() > U256::ZERO)
            .cloned()
            .collect();

        // Index the stake table by public key
        let indexed_stake_table: HashMap<PubKey, _> = stake_table
            .iter()
            .map(|peer_config| {
                (
                    PubKey::public_key(&peer_config.stake_table_entry),
                    peer_config.clone(),
                )
            })
            .collect();

        // Index the stake table by public key
        let indexed_da_members: HashMap<PubKey, _> = da_members
            .iter()
            .map(|peer_config| {
                (
                    PubKey::public_key(&peer_config.stake_table_entry),
                    peer_config.clone(),
                )
            })
            .collect();

        let da_committee = DaCommittee {
            committee: da_members,
            indexed_committee: indexed_da_members,
        };

        let members = NonEpochCommittee {
            eligible_leaders,
            stake_table,
            indexed_stake_table,
            da_committee,
        };

        let mut map = HashMap::new();
        let epoch_committee = EpochCommittee {
            eligible_leaders: members.eligible_leaders.clone(),
            stake_table: members
                .stake_table
                .iter()
                .map(|x| (PubKey::public_key(&x.stake_table_entry), x.clone()))
                .collect(),
            validators: Default::default(),
            address_mapping: HashMap::new(),
            block_reward: Default::default(),
            stake_table_hash: None,
            header: None,
        };
        map.insert(Epoch::genesis(), epoch_committee.clone());
        // TODO: remove this, workaround for hotshot asking for stake tables from epoch 1
        map.insert(Epoch::genesis() + 1u64, epoch_committee.clone());

        Self {
            non_epoch_committee: members,
            da_committees: BTreeMap::new(),
            state: map,
            randomized_committees: BTreeMap::new(),
            first_epoch: None,
            fixed_block_reward,
            fetcher: Arc::new(fetcher),
            epoch_height,
        }
    }

    pub async fn reload_stake(&mut self, limit: u64) {
        match self.fetcher.fetch_fixed_block_reward().await {
            Ok(block_reward) => {
                tracing::info!("Fetched block reward: {block_reward}");
                self.fixed_block_reward = Some(block_reward);
            },
            Err(err) => {
                tracing::warn!(
                    "Failed to fetch the block reward when reloading the stake tables: {err}"
                );
            },
        }

        // Load the 50 latest stored stake tables
        let loaded_stake = match self
            .fetcher
            .persistence
            .lock()
            .await
            .load_latest_stake(limit)
            .await
        {
            Ok(Some(loaded)) => loaded,
            Ok(None) => {
                tracing::warn!("No stake table history found in persistence!");
                return;
            },
            Err(e) => {
                tracing::error!("Failed to load stake table history from persistence: {e}");
                return;
            },
        };

        for (epoch, (stake_table, block_reward), stake_table_hash) in loaded_stake {
            self.insert_committee(epoch, stake_table, block_reward, stake_table_hash, None);
        }
    }

    fn get_stake_table(&self, epoch: &Option<Epoch>) -> Option<Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>> {
        if let Some(epoch) = epoch {
            self.state
                .get(epoch)
                .map(|committee| committee.stake_table.clone().into_values().collect())
        } else {
            Some(self.non_epoch_committee.stake_table.clone())
        }
    }

    fn get_da_committee(&self, epoch: Option<Epoch>) -> DaCommittee {
        if let Some(e) = epoch {
            // returns the greatest key smaller than or equal to `e`
            self.da_committees
                .range((Bound::Included(&0), Bound::Included(&*e)))
                .last()
                .map(|(_, committee)| committee.clone())
                .unwrap_or(self.non_epoch_committee.da_committee.clone())
        } else {
            self.non_epoch_committee.da_committee.clone()
        }
    }
}

/// Calculates the stake ratio `p` and reward rate `R(p)`.
///
/// The reward rate `R(p)` is defined as:
///
///     R(p) = {
///         0.03 / sqrt(2 * 0.01),         if 0 <= p <= 0.01
///         0.03 / sqrt(2 * p),            if 0.01 < p <= 1
///     }
///
fn calculate_proportion_staked_and_reward_rate(
    total_stake: &BigDecimal,
    total_supply: &BigDecimal,
) -> anyhow::Result<(BigDecimal, BigDecimal)> {
    if total_supply.is_zero() {
        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Total supply cannot be zero"));
    }

    let proportion_staked = total_stake / total_supply;

    if proportion_staked < BigDecimal::from(0) || proportion_staked > BigDecimal::from(1) {
        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Stake ratio p must be in the range [0, 1]"));
    }

    let two = BigDecimal::from_u32(2).unwrap();
    let min_stake_ratio = BigDecimal::from_str("0.01")?;
    let numerator = BigDecimal::from_str("0.03")?;

    let denominator = (&two * (&proportion_staked).max(&min_stake_ratio))
        .sqrt()
        .context("Failed to compute sqrt in R(p)")?;

    let reward_rate = numerator / denominator;

    tracing::debug!("rp={reward_rate}");

    Ok((proportion_staked, reward_rate))
}

#[derive(Error, Debug)]
/// Error representing fail cases for retrieving the stake table.
enum GetStakeTablesError {
    #[error("Error fetching from L1: {0}")]
    L1ClientFetchError(anyhow::Error),
}

#[derive(Error, Debug)]
#[error("Could not lookup leader")] // TODO error variants? message?
pub struct LeaderLookupError;

// #[async_trait]
impl Membership<SeqTypes> for EpochCommittees {
    type Error = LeaderLookupError;
    type Storage = ();
    type StakeTableHash = StakeTableState;

    // DO NOT USE. Dummy constructor to comply w/ trait.
    fn new<I: NodeImplementation<SeqTypes>>(
        // TODO remove `new` from trait and remove this fn as well.
        // https://github.com/EspressoSystems/HotShot/commit/fcb7d54a4443e29d643b3bbc53761856aef4de8b
        _committee_members: Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>,
        _da_members: Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>,
        _storage: Self::Storage,
        _network: Arc<<I as NodeImplementation<SeqTypes>>::Network>,
        _public_key: <SeqTypes as NodeType>::SignatureKey,
        _epoch_height: u64,
    ) -> Self {
        panic!("This function has been replaced with new_stake()");
    }

    /// Get the stake table for the current view
    fn stake_table(&self, epoch: Option<Epoch>) -> HSStakeTable<SeqTypes> {
        self.get_stake_table(&epoch).unwrap_or_default().into()
    }
    /// Get the stake table for the current view
    fn da_stake_table(&self, epoch: Option<Epoch>) -> HSStakeTable<SeqTypes> {
        self.get_da_committee(epoch).committee.clone().into()
    }

    /// Get all members of the committee for the current view
    fn committee_members(
        &self,
        _view_number: <SeqTypes as NodeType>::View,
        epoch: Option<Epoch>,
    ) -> BTreeSet<PubKey> {
        let stake_table = self.stake_table(epoch);
        stake_table
            .iter()
            .map(|x| PubKey::public_key(&x.stake_table_entry))
            .collect()
    }

    /// Get all members of the committee for the current view
    fn da_committee_members(
        &self,
        _view_number: <SeqTypes as NodeType>::View,
        epoch: Option<Epoch>,
    ) -> BTreeSet<PubKey> {
        self.da_stake_table(epoch)
            .iter()
            .map(|peer_config| PubKey::public_key(&peer_config.stake_table_entry))
            .collect()
    }

    /// Get the stake table entry for a public key
    fn stake(&self, pub_key: &PubKey, epoch: Option<Epoch>) -> Option<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>> {
        // Only return the stake if it is above zero
        if let Some(epoch) = epoch {
            self.state
                .get(&epoch)
                .and_then(|h| h.stake_table.get(pub_key))
                .cloned()
        } else {
            self.non_epoch_committee
                .indexed_stake_table
                .get(pub_key)
                .cloned()
        }
    }

    /// Get the DA stake table entry for a public key
    fn da_stake(&self, pub_key: &PubKey, epoch: Option<Epoch>) -> Option<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>> {
        self.get_da_committee(epoch)
            .indexed_committee
            .get(pub_key)
            .cloned()
    }

    /// Check if a node has stake in the committee
    fn has_stake(&self, pub_key: &PubKey, epoch: Option<Epoch>) -> bool {
        self.stake(pub_key, epoch)
            .map(|x| x.stake_table_entry.stake() > U256::ZERO)
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    /// Check if a node has stake in the committee
    fn has_da_stake(&self, pub_key: &PubKey, epoch: Option<Epoch>) -> bool {
        self.da_stake(pub_key, epoch)
            .map(|x| x.stake_table_entry.stake() > U256::ZERO)
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    /// Returns the leader's public key for a given view number and epoch.
    ///
    /// If an epoch is provided and a randomized committee exists for that epoch,
    /// the leader is selected from the randomized committee. Otherwise, the leader
    /// is selected from the non-epoch committee.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    /// * `view_number` - The view number to index into the committee.
    /// * `epoch` - The epoch for which to determine the leader. If `None`, uses the non-epoch committee.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// Returns `LeaderLookupError` if the epoch is before the first epoch or if the committee is missing.
    fn lookup_leader(
        &self,
        view_number: <SeqTypes as NodeType>::View,
        epoch: Option<Epoch>,
    ) -> Result<PubKey, Self::Error> {
        match (self.first_epoch(), epoch) {
            (Some(first_epoch), Some(epoch)) => {
                if epoch < first_epoch {
                    tracing::error!(
                        "lookup_leader called with epoch {} before first epoch {}",
                        epoch,
                        first_epoch,
                    );
                    return Err(LeaderLookupError);
                }
                let Some(randomized_committee) = self.randomized_committees.get(&epoch) else {
                    tracing::error!(
                        "We are missing the randomized committee for epoch {}",
                        epoch
                    );
                    return Err(LeaderLookupError);
                };

                Ok(PubKey::public_key(&select_randomized_leader(
                    randomized_committee,
                    *view_number,
                )))
            },
            (_, None) => {
                let leaders = &self.non_epoch_committee.eligible_leaders;

                let index = *view_number as usize % leaders.len();
                let res = leaders[index].clone();
                Ok(PubKey::public_key(&res.stake_table_entry))
            },
            (None, Some(epoch)) => {
                tracing::error!(
                    "lookup_leader called with epoch {} but we don't have a first epoch",
                    epoch,
                );
                Err(LeaderLookupError)
            },
        }
    }

    /// Get the total number of nodes in the committee
    fn total_nodes(&self, epoch: Option<Epoch>) -> usize {
        self.stake_table(epoch).len()
    }

    /// Get the total number of DA nodes in the committee
    fn da_total_nodes(&self, epoch: Option<Epoch>) -> usize {
        self.da_stake_table(epoch).len()
    }

    /// Adds the epoch committee and block reward for a given epoch,
    /// either by fetching from L1 or using local state if available.
    /// It also calculates and stores the block reward based on header version.
    async fn add_epoch_root(
        membership: Arc<RwLock<Self>>,
        block_header: Header,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let block_number = block_header.block_number();

        let membership_reader = membership.read().await;
        let epoch_height = membership_reader.epoch_height;

        let epoch =
            Epoch::new(epoch_from_block_number(block_number, membership_reader.epoch_height) + 2);

        tracing::info!(?epoch, "adding epoch root. height={:?}", block_number);

        if !is_epoch_root(block_number, epoch_height) {
            tracing::error!(
                "`add_epoch_root` was called with a block header that was not the root block for \
                 an epoch. This should never happen. Header:\n\n{block_header:?}"
            );
            bail!(
                "Failed to add epoch root: block {block_number:?} is not a root block for an epoch"
            );
        }

        let fetcher = membership_reader.fetcher.clone();

        drop(membership_reader);

        let version = block_header.version();
        // Update the chain config if the block header contains a newer one.
        fetcher.update_chain_config(&block_header).await?;

        let mut block_reward = None;
        // Even if the current header is the root of the epoch which falls in the post upgrade
        // we use the fixed block reward
        if version == EpochVersion::version() {
            let reward =
                Self::fetch_and_update_fixed_block_reward(membership.clone(), epoch).await?;
            block_reward = Some(reward);
        }

        let epoch_committee = {
            let membership_reader = membership.read().await;
            membership_reader.state.get(&epoch).cloned()
        };

        // If the epoch committee:
        // - exists and has a header stake table hash and block reward, return early.
        // - exists without a reward, reuse validators and update reward.
        // and fetch from L1 if the stake table hash is missing.
        // - doesn't exist, fetch it from L1.
        let (active_validators, all_validators, stake_table_hash) = match epoch_committee {
            Some(committee)
                if committee.block_reward.is_some()
                    && committee.header.is_some()
                    && committee.stake_table_hash.is_some() =>
            {
                tracing::info!(
                    ?epoch,
                    "committee already has block reward, header, and stake table hash; skipping \
                     add_epoch_root"
                );
                return Ok(());
            },

            Some(committee) => {
                if let Some(reward) = committee.block_reward {
                    block_reward = Some(reward);
                }

                if let Some(hash) = committee.stake_table_hash {
                    (committee.validators.clone(), Default::default(), Some(hash))
                } else {
                    // if stake table hash is missing then recalculate from events
                    tracing::info!(
                        "Stake table hash missing for epoch {epoch}. recalculating by fetching \
                         from l1."
                    );
                    let set = fetcher.fetch(epoch, &block_header).await?;
                    (
                        set.active_validators,
                        set.all_validators,
                        set.stake_table_hash,
                    )
                }
            },

            None => {
                tracing::info!("Stake table missing for epoch {epoch}. Fetching from L1.");
                let set = fetcher.fetch(epoch, &block_header).await?;
                (
                    set.active_validators,
                    set.all_validators,
                    set.stake_table_hash,
                )
            },
        };

        // If we are past the DRB+Header upgrade point,
        // and don't have block reward
        // calculate the dynamic block reward based on validator info and block header.
        if block_reward.is_none() && version >= DrbAndHeaderUpgradeVersion::version() {
            tracing::info!(?epoch, "calculating dynamic block reward");
            let reader = membership.read().await;
            let reward = reader
                .calculate_dynamic_block_reward(&epoch, &block_header, &active_validators)
                .await?;

            tracing::info!(?epoch, "calculated dynamic block reward = {reward:?}");
            block_reward = reward;
        }

        let mut membership_writer = membership.write().await;
        membership_writer.insert_committee(
            epoch,
            active_validators.clone(),
            block_reward,
            stake_table_hash,
            Some(block_header),
        );
        drop(membership_writer);

        let persistence_lock = fetcher.persistence.lock().await;
        if let Err(e) = persistence_lock
            .store_stake(epoch, active_validators, block_reward, stake_table_hash)
            .await
        {
            tracing::error!(?e, ?epoch, "`add_epoch_root`, error storing stake table");
        }

        if let Err(e) = persistence_lock
            .store_all_validators(epoch, all_validators)
            .await
        {
            tracing::error!(?e, ?epoch, "`add_epoch_root`, error storing all validators");
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn has_stake_table(&self, epoch: Epoch) -> bool {
        self.state.contains_key(&epoch)
    }

    /// Checks if the randomized stake table is available for the given epoch.
    ///
    /// Returns `Ok(true)` if a randomized committee exists for the specified epoch and
    /// the epoch is not before the first epoch. Returns an error if `first_epoch` is `None`
    /// or if the provided epoch is before the first epoch.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    /// * `epoch` - The epoch for which to check the presence of a randomized stake table.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// Returns an error if `first_epoch` is `None` or if `epoch` is before `first_epoch`.
    fn has_randomized_stake_table(&self, epoch: Epoch) -> anyhow::Result<bool> {
        let Some(first_epoch) = self.first_epoch else {
            bail!(
                "Called has_randomized_stake_table with epoch {} but first_epoch is None",
                epoch
            );
        };
        ensure!(
            epoch >= first_epoch,
            "Called has_randomized_stake_table with epoch {} but first_epoch is {}",
            epoch,
            first_epoch
        );
        Ok(self.randomized_committees.contains_key(&epoch))
    }

    async fn get_epoch_root(membership: Arc<RwLock<Self>>, epoch: Epoch) -> anyhow::Result<Leaf2> {
        let membership_reader = membership.read().await;
        let block_height = root_block_in_epoch(*epoch, membership_reader.epoch_height);
        let peers = membership_reader.fetcher.peers.clone();
        let stake_table = membership_reader.stake_table(Some(epoch)).clone();
        let success_threshold = membership_reader.success_threshold(Some(epoch));
        drop(membership_reader);

        // Fetch leaves from peers
        let leaf: Leaf2 = peers
            .fetch_leaf(block_height, stake_table.clone(), success_threshold)
            .await?;

        Ok(leaf)
    }

    async fn get_epoch_drb(
        membership: Arc<RwLock<Self>>,
        epoch: Epoch,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<DrbResult> {
        let membership_reader = membership.read().await;
        let peers = membership_reader.fetcher.peers.clone();

        // Try to retrieve the DRB result from an existing committee
        if let Some(randomized_committee) = membership_reader.randomized_committees.get(&epoch) {
            return Ok(randomized_committee.drb_result());
        }

        // Otherwise, we try to fetch the epoch root leaf
        let previous_epoch = match epoch.checked_sub(1) {
            Some(epoch) => EpochNumber::new(epoch),
            None => {
                return membership_reader
                    .randomized_committees
                    .get(&epoch)
                    .map(|committee| committee.drb_result())
                    .context(format!("Missing randomized committee for epoch {epoch}"))
            },
        };

        let stake_table = membership_reader.stake_table(Some(previous_epoch)).clone();
        let success_threshold = membership_reader.success_threshold(Some(previous_epoch));

        let block_height =
            transition_block_for_epoch(*previous_epoch, membership_reader.epoch_height);

        drop(membership_reader);

        tracing::debug!(
            "Getting DRB for epoch {}, block height {}",
            epoch,
            block_height
        );
        let drb_leaf = peers
            .try_fetch_leaf(1, block_height, stake_table, success_threshold)
            .await?;

        let Some(drb) = drb_leaf.next_drb_result else {
            tracing::error!(
                "We received a leaf that should contain a DRB result, but the DRB result is \
                 missing: {:?}",
                drb_leaf
            );

            bail!("DRB leaf is missing the DRB result.");
        };

        Ok(drb)
    }

    fn add_drb_result(&mut self, epoch: Epoch, drb: DrbResult) {
        tracing::info!("Adding DRB result {drb:?} to epoch {epoch}");

        let Some(raw_stake_table) = self.state.get(&epoch) else {
            tracing::error!(
                "add_drb_result({epoch}, {drb:?}) was called, but we do not yet have the stake \
                 table for epoch {epoch}"
            );
            return;
        };

        let leaders = raw_stake_table
            .eligible_leaders
            .clone()
            .into_iter()
            .map(|peer_config| peer_config.stake_table_entry)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let randomized_committee = generate_stake_cdf(leaders, drb);

        self.randomized_committees
            .insert(epoch, randomized_committee);
    }

    fn set_first_epoch(&mut self, epoch: Epoch, initial_drb_result: DrbResult) {
        self.first_epoch = Some(epoch);

        let epoch_committee = self.state.get(&Epoch::genesis()).unwrap().clone();
        self.state.insert(epoch, epoch_committee.clone());
        self.state.insert(epoch + 1, epoch_committee);
        self.add_drb_result(epoch, initial_drb_result);
        self.add_drb_result(epoch + 1, initial_drb_result);
    }

    fn first_epoch(&self) -> Option<<SeqTypes as NodeType>::Epoch> {
        self.first_epoch
    }

    fn stake_table_hash(&self, epoch: Epoch) -> Option<StakeTableHash> {
        let committee = self.state.get(&epoch)?;
        committee.stake_table_hash
    }

    fn add_da_committee(&mut self, first_epoch: u64, committee: Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>) {
        let indexed_committee: HashMap<PubKey, _> = committee
            .iter()
            .map(|peer_config| {
                (
                    PubKey::public_key(&peer_config.stake_table_entry),
                    peer_config.clone(),
                )
            })
            .collect();

        let da_committee = DaCommittee {
            committee,
            indexed_committee,
        };

        self.da_committees.insert(first_epoch, da_committee);
    }
}

#[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
impl super::v0_3::StakeTable {
    /// Generate a `StakeTable` with `n` members.
    pub fn mock(n: u64) -> Self {
        [..n]
            .iter()
            .map(|_| PeerConfig::default())
            .collect::<Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>>()
            .into()
    }
}

#[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
impl DAMembers {
    /// Generate a `DaMembers` (alias committee) with `n` members.
    pub fn mock(n: u64) -> Self {
        [..n]
            .iter()
            .map(|_| PeerConfig::default())
            .collect::<Vec<PeerConfig<SeqTypes>>>()
            .into()
    }
}

#[cfg(any(test, feature = "testing"))]
pub mod testing {
    use alloy::primitives::Bytes;
    use hotshot_contract_adapter::{
        sol_types::{EdOnBN254PointSol, G1PointSol, G2PointSol},
        stake_table::{sign_address_bls, sign_address_schnorr, StateSignatureSol},
    };
    use hotshot_types::{light_client::StateKeyPair, signature_key::BLSKeyPair};
    use rand::{Rng as _, RngCore as _};

    use super::*;

    // TODO: current tests are just sanity checks, we need more.

    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
    pub struct TestValidator {
        pub account: Address,
        pub bls_vk: G2PointSol,
        pub schnorr_vk: EdOnBN254PointSol,
        pub commission: u16,
        pub bls_sig: G1PointSol,
        pub schnorr_sig: Bytes,
    }

    impl TestValidator {
        pub fn random() -> Self {
            let account = Address::random();
            let commission = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0..10000);
            Self::random_update_keys(account, commission)
        }

        pub fn randomize_keys(&self) -> Self {
            Self::random_update_keys(self.account, self.commission)
        }

        pub fn random_update_keys(account: Address, commission: u16) -> Self {
            let mut rng = &mut rand::thread_rng();
            let mut seed = [0u8; 32];
            rng.fill_bytes(&mut seed);
            let bls_key_pair = BLSKeyPair::generate(&mut rng);
            let bls_sig = sign_address_bls(&bls_key_pair, account);
            let schnorr_key_pair = StateKeyPair::generate_from_seed_indexed(seed, 0);
            let schnorr_sig = sign_address_schnorr(&schnorr_key_pair, account);
            Self {
                account,
                bls_vk: bls_key_pair.ver_key().to_affine().into(),
                schnorr_vk: schnorr_key_pair.ver_key().to_affine().into(),
                commission,
                bls_sig: bls_sig.into(),
                schnorr_sig: StateSignatureSol::from(schnorr_sig).into(),
            }
        }
    }

    impl From<&TestValidator> for ValidatorRegistered {
        fn from(value: &TestValidator) -> Self {
            Self {
                account: value.account,
                blsVk: value.bls_vk,
                schnorrVk: value.schnorr_vk,
                commission: value.commission,
            }
        }
    }

    impl From<&TestValidator> for ValidatorRegisteredV2 {
        fn from(value: &TestValidator) -> Self {
            Self {
                account: value.account,
                blsVK: value.bls_vk,
                schnorrVK: value.schnorr_vk,
                commission: value.commission,
                blsSig: value.bls_sig.into(),
                schnorrSig: value.schnorr_sig.clone(),
                metadataUri: "dummy-meta".to_string(),
            }
        }
    }

    impl From<&TestValidator> for ConsensusKeysUpdated {
        fn from(value: &TestValidator) -> Self {
            Self {
                account: value.account,
                blsVK: value.bls_vk,
                schnorrVK: value.schnorr_vk,
            }
        }
    }

    impl From<&TestValidator> for ConsensusKeysUpdatedV2 {
        fn from(value: &TestValidator) -> Self {
            Self {
                account: value.account,
                blsVK: value.bls_vk,
                schnorrVK: value.schnorr_vk,
                blsSig: value.bls_sig.into(),
                schnorrSig: value.schnorr_sig.clone(),
            }
        }
    }

    impl From<&TestValidator> for ValidatorExit {
        fn from(value: &TestValidator) -> Self {
            Self {
                validator: value.account,
            }
        }
    }

    impl Validator<BLSPubKey> {
        pub fn mock() -> Validator<BLSPubKey> {
            let val = TestValidator::random();
            let rng = &mut rand::thread_rng();
            let mut seed = [1u8; 32];
            rng.fill_bytes(&mut seed);
            let mut validator_stake = alloy::primitives::U256::from(0);
            let mut delegators = HashMap::new();
            for _i in 0..=5000 {
                let stake: u64 = rng.gen_range(0..10000);
                delegators.insert(Address::random(), alloy::primitives::U256::from(stake));
                validator_stake += alloy::primitives::U256::from(stake);
            }

            let stake_table_key = val.bls_vk.into();
            let state_ver_key = val.schnorr_vk.into();

            Validator {
                account: val.account,
                stake_table_key,
                state_ver_key,
                stake: validator_stake,
                commission: val.commission,
                delegators,
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {

    use alloy::{primitives::Address, rpc::types::Log};
    use hotshot_contract_adapter::stake_table::{sign_address_bls, StakeTableContractVersion};
    use hotshot_types::signature_key::BLSKeyPair;
    use pretty_assertions::assert_matches;
    use rstest::rstest;

    use super::*;
    use crate::{v0::impls::testing::*, L1ClientOptions};

    #[test_log::test]
    fn test_from_l1_events() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        // Build a stake table with one DA node and one consensus node.
        let val_1 = TestValidator::random();
        let val_1_new_keys = val_1.randomize_keys();
        let val_2 = TestValidator::random();
        let val_2_new_keys = val_2.randomize_keys();
        let delegator = Address::random();
        let mut events: Vec<StakeTableEvent> = [
            ValidatorRegistered::from(&val_1).into(),
            ValidatorRegisteredV2::from(&val_2).into(),
            Delegated {
                delegator,
                validator: val_1.account,
                amount: U256::from(10),
            }
            .into(),
            ConsensusKeysUpdated::from(&val_1_new_keys).into(),
            ConsensusKeysUpdatedV2::from(&val_2_new_keys).into(),
            Undelegated {
                delegator,
                validator: val_1.account,
                amount: U256::from(7),
            }
            .into(),
            // delegate to the same validator again
            Delegated {
                delegator,
                validator: val_1.account,
                amount: U256::from(5),
            }
            .into(),
            // delegate to the second validator
            Delegated {
                delegator: Address::random(),
                validator: val_2.account,
                amount: U256::from(3),
            }
            .into(),
        ]
        .to_vec();

        let validators_set = validator_set_from_l1_events(events.iter().cloned())?;
        let st = validators_set.active_validators;
        let st_val_1 = st.get(&val_1.account).unwrap();
        // final staked amount should be 10 (delegated) - 7 (undelegated) + 5 (Delegated)
        assert_eq!(st_val_1.stake, U256::from(8));
        assert_eq!(st_val_1.commission, val_1.commission);
        assert_eq!(st_val_1.delegators.len(), 1);
        // final delegated amount should be 10 (delegated) - 7 (undelegated) + 5 (Delegated)
        assert_eq!(*st_val_1.delegators.get(&delegator).unwrap(), U256::from(8));

        let st_val_2 = st.get(&val_2.account).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(st_val_2.stake, U256::from(3));
        assert_eq!(st_val_2.commission, val_2.commission);
        assert_eq!(st_val_2.delegators.len(), 1);

        events.push(ValidatorExit::from(&val_1).into());

        let validator_set = validator_set_from_l1_events(events.iter().cloned())?;
        let st = validator_set.active_validators;
        // The first validator should have been removed
        assert_eq!(st.get(&val_1.account), None);

        // The second validator should be unchanged
        let st_val_2 = st.get(&val_2.account).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(st_val_2.stake, U256::from(3));
        assert_eq!(st_val_2.commission, val_2.commission);
        assert_eq!(st_val_2.delegators.len(), 1);

        // remove the 2nd validator
        events.push(ValidatorExit::from(&val_2).into());

        // This should fail because the validator has exited and no longer exists in the stake table.
        assert!(validator_set_from_l1_events(events.iter().cloned()).is_err());

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_from_l1_events_failures() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let val = TestValidator::random();
        let delegator = Address::random();

        let register: StakeTableEvent = ValidatorRegistered::from(&val).into();
        let register_v2: StakeTableEvent = ValidatorRegisteredV2::from(&val).into();
        let delegate: StakeTableEvent = Delegated {
            delegator,
            validator: val.account,
            amount: U256::from(10),
        }
        .into();
        let key_update: StakeTableEvent = ConsensusKeysUpdated::from(&val).into();
        let key_update_v2: StakeTableEvent = ConsensusKeysUpdatedV2::from(&val).into();
        let undelegate: StakeTableEvent = Undelegated {
            delegator,
            validator: val.account,
            amount: U256::from(7),
        }
        .into();

        let exit: StakeTableEvent = ValidatorExit::from(&val).into();

        let cases = [
            vec![exit],
            vec![undelegate.clone()],
            vec![delegate.clone()],
            vec![key_update],
            vec![key_update_v2],
            vec![register.clone(), register.clone()],
            vec![register_v2.clone(), register_v2.clone()],
            vec![register.clone(), register_v2.clone()],
            vec![register_v2.clone(), register.clone()],
            vec![
                register,
                delegate.clone(),
                undelegate.clone(),
                undelegate.clone(),
            ],
            vec![register_v2, delegate, undelegate.clone(), undelegate],
        ];

        for events in cases.iter() {
            // NOTE: not selecting the active validator set because we care about wrong sequences of
            // events being detected. If we compute the active set we will also get an error if the
            // set is empty but that's not what we want to test here.
            let res = validators_from_l1_events(events.iter().cloned());
            assert!(
                res.is_err(),
                "events {res:?}, not a valid sequence of events"
            );
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_validators_selection() {
        let mut validators = IndexMap::new();
        let mut highest_stake = alloy::primitives::U256::ZERO;

        for _i in 0..3000 {
            let validator = Validator::mock();
            validators.insert(validator.account, validator.clone());

            if validator.stake > highest_stake {
                highest_stake = validator.stake;
            }
        }

        let minimum_stake = highest_stake / U256::from(VID_TARGET_TOTAL_STAKE);

        let selected_validators =
            select_active_validator_set(&validators).expect("Failed to select validators");
        assert!(
            selected_validators.len() <= 100,
            "validators len is {}, expected at most 100",
            selected_validators.len()
        );

        let mut selected_validators_highest_stake = alloy::primitives::U256::ZERO;
        // Ensure every validator in the final selection is above or equal to minimum stake
        for (address, validator) in &selected_validators {
            assert!(
                validator.stake >= minimum_stake,
                "Validator {:?} has stake below minimum: {}",
                address,
                validator.stake
            );

            if validator.stake > selected_validators_highest_stake {
                selected_validators_highest_stake = validator.stake;
            }
        }
    }

    // For a bug where the GCL did not match the stake table contract implementation and allowed
    // duplicated BLS keys via the update keys events.
    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_regression_non_unique_bls_keys_not_discarded(
        #[values(StakeTableContractVersion::V1, StakeTableContractVersion::V2)]
        version: StakeTableContractVersion,
    ) {
        let val = TestValidator::random();
        let register: StakeTableEvent = match version {
            StakeTableContractVersion::V1 => ValidatorRegistered::from(&val).into(),
            StakeTableContractVersion::V2 => ValidatorRegisteredV2::from(&val).into(),
        };
        let delegate: StakeTableEvent = Delegated {
            delegator: Address::random(),
            validator: val.account,
            amount: U256::from(10),
        }
        .into();

        // first ensure that wan build a valid stake table
        assert!(
            validator_set_from_l1_events(vec![register.clone(), delegate.clone()].into_iter())
                .is_ok()
        );

        // add the invalid key update (re-using the same consensus keys)
        let key_update = ConsensusKeysUpdated::from(&val).into();
        let err = validator_set_from_l1_events(vec![register, delegate, key_update].into_iter())
            .unwrap_err();

        let bls: BLSPubKey = val.bls_vk.into();
        assert!(matches!(err, StakeTableError::BlsKeyAlreadyUsed(addr) if addr == bls.to_string()));
    }

    // Test that the GCL does not
    // allow re-registration for the same Ethereum account.
    #[test]
    fn test_regression_reregister_eth_account() {
        let val1 = TestValidator::random();
        let val2 = val1.randomize_keys();
        let account = val1.account;

        let register1 = ValidatorRegisteredV2::from(&val1).into();
        let deregister1 = ValidatorExit::from(&val1).into();
        let register2 = ValidatorRegisteredV2::from(&val2).into();
        let events = [register1, deregister1, register2];
        let error = validators_from_l1_events(events.iter().cloned()).unwrap_err();
        assert_matches!(error, StakeTableError::ValidatorAlreadyExited(addr) if addr == account);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_display_log() {
        let serialized = r#"{"address":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000069",
            "topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000069"],
            "data":"0x69",
            "blockHash":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000069",
            "blockNumber":"0x69","blockTimestamp":"0x69",
            "transactionHash":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000069",
            "transactionIndex":"0x69","logIndex":"0x70","removed":false}"#;
        let log: Log = serde_json::from_str(serialized).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            log.display(),
            "Log(block=105,index=112,\
             transaction_hash=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000069)"
        )
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case::v1(StakeTableContractVersion::V1)]
    #[case::v2(StakeTableContractVersion::V2)]
    fn test_register_validator(#[case] version: StakeTableContractVersion) {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
        let validator = TestValidator::random();

        let event = match version {
            StakeTableContractVersion::V1 => StakeTableEvent::Register((&validator).into()),
            StakeTableContractVersion::V2 => StakeTableEvent::RegisterV2((&validator).into()),
        };

        state.apply_event(event).unwrap().unwrap();

        let stored = state.validators.get(&validator.account).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(stored.account, validator.account);
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case::v1(StakeTableContractVersion::V1)]
    #[case::v2(StakeTableContractVersion::V2)]
    fn test_validator_already_registered(#[case] version: StakeTableContractVersion) {
        let mut stake_table_state = StakeTableState::new();

        let test_validator = TestValidator::random();

        // First registration attempt using the specified contract version
        match version {
            StakeTableContractVersion::V1 => {
                stake_table_state.apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Register((&test_validator).into()))
            },
            StakeTableContractVersion::V2 => {
                stake_table_state.apply_event(StakeTableEvent::RegisterV2((&test_validator).into()))
            },
        }
        .unwrap()
        .unwrap(); // Expect the first registration to succeed

        // attempt using V1 registration (should fail with AlreadyRegistered)
        let v1_already_registered_result = stake_table_state
            .clone()
            .apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Register((&test_validator).into()));

        pretty_assertions::assert_matches!(
           v1_already_registered_result,  Err(StakeTableError::AlreadyRegistered(account))
                if account == test_validator.account,
           "Expected AlreadyRegistered error. version ={version:?} result={v1_already_registered_result:?}",
        );

        // attempt using V2 registration (should also fail with AlreadyRegistered)
        let v2_already_registered_result = stake_table_state
            .clone()
            .apply_event(StakeTableEvent::RegisterV2((&test_validator).into()));

        pretty_assertions::assert_matches!(
            v2_already_registered_result,
            Err(StakeTableError::AlreadyRegistered(account)) if account == test_validator.account,
            "Expected AlreadyRegistered error. version ={version:?} result={v2_already_registered_result:?}",

        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_register_validator_v2_auth_fails() {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
        let mut val = TestValidator::random();
        val.bls_sig = Default::default();
        let event = StakeTableEvent::RegisterV2((&val).into());

        let result = state.apply_event(event);
        assert!(matches!(
            result,
            Err(StakeTableError::AuthenticationFailed(_))
        ));
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case::v1(StakeTableContractVersion::V1)]
    #[case::v2(StakeTableContractVersion::V2)]
    fn test_deregister_validator(#[case] version: StakeTableContractVersion) {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
        let val = TestValidator::random();

        let reg = StakeTableEvent::Register((&val).into());
        state.apply_event(reg).unwrap().unwrap();

        let dereg = match version {
            StakeTableContractVersion::V1 => StakeTableEvent::Deregister((&val).into()),
            StakeTableContractVersion::V2 => StakeTableEvent::DeregisterV2(ValidatorExitV2 {
                validator: val.account,
                unlocksAt: U256::from(1000u64),
            }),
        };
        state.apply_event(dereg).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert!(!state.validators.contains_key(&val.account));
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case::v1(StakeTableContractVersion::V1)]
    #[case::v2(StakeTableContractVersion::V2)]
    fn test_delegate_and_undelegate(#[case] version: StakeTableContractVersion) {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
        let val = TestValidator::random();
        state
            .apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Register((&val).into()))
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        let delegator = Address::random();
        let amount = U256::from(1000);
        let delegate_event = StakeTableEvent::Delegate(Delegated {
            delegator,
            validator: val.account,
            amount,
        });
        state.apply_event(delegate_event).unwrap().unwrap();

        let validator = state.validators.get(&val.account).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(validator.delegators.get(&delegator).cloned(), Some(amount));

        let undelegate_event = match version {
            StakeTableContractVersion::V1 => StakeTableEvent::Undelegate(Undelegated {
                delegator,
                validator: val.account,
                amount,
            }),
            StakeTableContractVersion::V2 => StakeTableEvent::UndelegateV2(UndelegatedV2 {
                delegator,
                validator: val.account,
                amount,
                unlocksAt: U256::from(2000u64),
                undelegationId: 1,
            }),
        };
        state.apply_event(undelegate_event).unwrap().unwrap();
        let validator = state.validators.get(&val.account).unwrap();
        assert!(!validator.delegators.contains_key(&delegator));
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case::v1(StakeTableContractVersion::V1)]
    #[case::v2(StakeTableContractVersion::V2)]
    fn test_key_update_event(#[case] version: StakeTableContractVersion) {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
        let val = TestValidator::random();

        // Always register first using V1 to simulate upgrade scenarios
        state
            .apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Register((&val).into()))
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        let new_keys = val.randomize_keys();

        let event = match version {
            StakeTableContractVersion::V1 => StakeTableEvent::KeyUpdate((&new_keys).into()),
            StakeTableContractVersion::V2 => StakeTableEvent::KeyUpdateV2((&new_keys).into()),
        };

        state.apply_event(event).unwrap().unwrap();

        let updated = state.validators.get(&val.account).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(updated.stake_table_key, new_keys.bls_vk.into());
        assert_eq!(updated.state_ver_key, new_keys.schnorr_vk.into());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_duplicate_bls_key() {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
        let val = TestValidator::random();
        let event1 = StakeTableEvent::Register((&val).into());
        let mut val2 = TestValidator::random();
        val2.bls_vk = val.bls_vk;
        val2.account = Address::random();

        let event2 = StakeTableEvent::Register((&val2).into());
        state.apply_event(event1).unwrap().unwrap();
        let result = state.apply_event(event2);

        let expected_bls_key = BLSPubKey::from(val.bls_vk).to_string();

        assert_matches!(
            result,
            Err(StakeTableError::BlsKeyAlreadyUsed(key))
                if key == expected_bls_key,
            "Expected BlsKeyAlreadyUsed({expected_bls_key}), but got: {result:?}",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_duplicate_schnorr_key() {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
        let val = TestValidator::random();
        let event1 = StakeTableEvent::Register((&val).into());
        let mut val2 = TestValidator::random();
        val2.schnorr_vk = val.schnorr_vk;
        val2.account = Address::random();
        val2.bls_vk = val2.randomize_keys().bls_vk;

        let event2 = StakeTableEvent::Register((&val2).into());
        state.apply_event(event1).unwrap().unwrap();
        let result = state.apply_event(event2);

        let schnorr: SchnorrPubKey = val.schnorr_vk.into();
        assert_matches!(
            result,
            Ok(Err(ExpectedStakeTableError::SchnorrKeyAlreadyUsed(key)))
                if key == schnorr.to_string(),
            "Expected SchnorrKeyAlreadyUsed({schnorr}), but got: {result:?}",

        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_duplicate_schnorr_key_v2_during_update() {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();

        let val1 = TestValidator::random();

        let mut rng = &mut rand::thread_rng();
        let bls_key_pair = BLSKeyPair::generate(&mut rng);

        let val2 = TestValidator {
            account: val1.account,
            bls_vk: bls_key_pair.ver_key().to_affine().into(),
            schnorr_vk: val1.schnorr_vk,
            commission: val1.commission,
            bls_sig: sign_address_bls(&bls_key_pair, val1.account).into(),
            schnorr_sig: val1.clone().schnorr_sig,
        };
        let event1 = StakeTableEvent::RegisterV2((&val1).into());
        let event2 = StakeTableEvent::KeyUpdateV2((&val2).into());

        state.apply_event(event1).unwrap().unwrap();
        let result = state.apply_event(event2);

        let schnorr: SchnorrPubKey = val1.schnorr_vk.into();
        assert_matches!(
            result,
            Err(StakeTableError::SchnorrKeyAlreadyUsed(key))
                if key == schnorr.to_string(),
            "Expected SchnorrKeyAlreadyUsed({schnorr}), but got: {result:?}",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_register_and_deregister_validator() {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
        let validator = TestValidator::random();
        let event = StakeTableEvent::Register((&validator).into());
        state.apply_event(event).unwrap().unwrap();

        let deregister_event = StakeTableEvent::Deregister((&validator).into());
        assert!(state.apply_event(deregister_event).unwrap().is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_commission_validation_exceeds_basis_points() {
        // Create a simple stake table with one validator
        let validator = TestValidator::random();
        let mut stake_table = StakeTableState::new();

        // Register the validator first
        let registration_event = ValidatorRegistered::from(&validator).into();
        stake_table
            .apply_event(registration_event)
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        // Test that a commission exactly at the limit is allowed
        let valid_commission_event = CommissionUpdated {
            validator: validator.account,
            timestamp: Default::default(),
            oldCommission: 0,
            newCommission: COMMISSION_BASIS_POINTS, // Exactly at the limit
        }
        .into();
        stake_table
            .apply_event(valid_commission_event)
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        let invalid_commission = COMMISSION_BASIS_POINTS + 1;
        let invalid_commission_event = CommissionUpdated {
            validator: validator.account,
            timestamp: Default::default(),
            oldCommission: 0,
            newCommission: invalid_commission,
        }
        .into();

        let err = stake_table
            .apply_event(invalid_commission_event)
            .unwrap_err();

        assert_matches!(
            err,
            StakeTableError::InvalidCommission(addr, invalid_commission)
                if addr == addr && invalid_commission == invalid_commission);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_delegate_zero_amount_is_rejected() {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
        let validator = TestValidator::random();
        let account = validator.account;
        state
            .apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Register((&validator).into()))
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        let delegator = Address::random();
        let amount = U256::ZERO;
        let event = StakeTableEvent::Delegate(Delegated {
            delegator,
            validator: account,
            amount,
        });
        let result = state.apply_event(event);

        assert_matches!(
            result,
            Err(StakeTableError::ZeroDelegatorStake(addr))
                if addr == delegator,
            "delegator stake is zero"

        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_undelegate_more_than_stake_fails() {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
        let validator = TestValidator::random();
        let account = validator.account;
        state
            .apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Register((&validator).into()))
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        let delegator = Address::random();
        let event = StakeTableEvent::Delegate(Delegated {
            delegator,
            validator: account,
            amount: U256::from(10u64),
        });
        state.apply_event(event).unwrap().unwrap();

        let result = state.apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Undelegate(Undelegated {
            delegator,
            validator: account,
            amount: U256::from(20u64),
        }));
        assert_matches!(
            result,
            Err(StakeTableError::InsufficientStake),
            "Expected InsufficientStake error, got: {result:?}",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_apply_event_does_not_modify_state_on_error() {
        let mut state = StakeTableState::new();
        let validator = TestValidator::random();
        let delegator = Address::random();

        state
            .apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Register((&validator).into()))
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        // AlreadyRegistered error
        let state_before = state.clone();
        let result = state.apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Register((&validator).into()));
        assert_matches!(result, Err(StakeTableError::AlreadyRegistered(_)));
        assert_eq!(
            state, state_before,
            "State should not change on AlreadyRegistered error"
        );

        // Duplicate BLS key error
        let state_before = state.clone();
        let mut validator2 = TestValidator::random();
        validator2.bls_vk = validator.bls_vk; // Reuse BLS key
        let result = state.apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Register((&validator2).into()));
        assert_matches!(result, Err(StakeTableError::BlsKeyAlreadyUsed(_)));
        assert_eq!(
            state, state_before,
            "State should not change on BlsKeyAlreadyUsed error"
        );

        // ValidatorNotFound error on deregister
        let state_before = state.clone();
        let nonexistent_validator = TestValidator::random();
        let result =
            state.apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Deregister((&nonexistent_validator).into()));
        assert_matches!(result, Err(StakeTableError::ValidatorNotFound(_)));
        assert_eq!(
            state, state_before,
            "State should not change on ValidatorNotFound error"
        );

        // ValidatorNotFound error on undelegate
        let state_before = state.clone();
        let result = state.apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Undelegate(Undelegated {
            delegator: Address::random(),
            validator: Address::random(),
            amount: U256::from(100u64),
        }));
        assert_matches!(result, Err(StakeTableError::ValidatorNotFound(_)));
        assert_eq!(
            state, state_before,
            "State should not change on ValidatorNotFound error for Undelegate"
        );

        state
            .apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Delegate(Delegated {
                delegator,
                validator: validator.account,
                amount: U256::from(100u64),
            }))
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        // DelegatorNotFound error on undelegate
        let state_before = state.clone();
        let non_existent_delegator = Address::random();
        let result = state.apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Undelegate(Undelegated {
            delegator: non_existent_delegator,
            validator: validator.account,
            amount: U256::from(50u64),
        }));
        assert_matches!(result, Err(StakeTableError::DelegatorNotFound(_)));
        assert_eq!(
            state, state_before,
            "State should not change on DelegatorNotFound error"
        );

        // InsufficientStake error on undelegate
        let state_before = state.clone();
        let result = state.apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Undelegate(Undelegated {
            delegator,
            validator: validator.account,
            amount: U256::from(200u64),
        }));
        assert_matches!(result, Err(StakeTableError::InsufficientStake));
        assert_eq!(
            state, state_before,
            "State should not change on InsufficientStake error"
        );

        // InsufficientStake when validator total stake would be less than amount
        let validator2 = TestValidator::random();
        let delegator2 = Address::random();

        state
            .apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Register((&validator2).into()))
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        state
            .apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Delegate(Delegated {
                delegator: delegator2,
                validator: validator2.account,
                amount: U256::from(50u64),
            }))
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        let state_before = state.clone();
        let result = state.apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Undelegate(Undelegated {
            delegator: delegator2,
            validator: validator2.account,
            amount: U256::from(100u64),
        }));
        assert_matches!(result, Err(StakeTableError::InsufficientStake));
        assert_eq!(state, state_before,);

        // ZeroDelegatorStake error
        let state_before = state.clone();
        let result = state.apply_event(StakeTableEvent::Delegate(Delegated {
            delegator: Address::random(),
            validator: validator.account,
            amount: U256::ZERO,
        }));
        assert_matches!(result, Err(StakeTableError::ZeroDelegatorStake(_)));
        assert_eq!(
            state, state_before,
            "State should not change on ZeroDelegatorStake error"
        );
    }

    #[test_log::test(tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread"))]
    async fn test_decaf_stake_table() {
        // The following commented-out block demonstrates how the `decaf_stake_table_events.json`
        // and `decaf_stake_table.json` files were originally generated.

        // It generates decaf stake table data by fetching events from the contract,
        // writes events and the constructed stake table to JSON files.

        /*
        let l1 = L1Client::new(vec!["https://ethereum-sepolia.publicnode.com"
            .parse()
            .unwrap()])
        .unwrap();
        let contract_address = "0x40304fbe94d5e7d1492dd90c53a2d63e8506a037";

        let events = Fetcher::fetch_events_from_contract(
            l1,
            contract_address.parse().unwrap(),
            None,
            8582328,
        )
        .await?;

        // Serialize and write sorted events
        let json_events = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&sorted_events)?;
        let mut events_file = File::create("decaf_stake_table_events.json").await?;
        events_file.write_all(json_events.as_bytes()).await?;

        // Process into stake table
        let stake_table = validators_from_l1_events(sorted_events.into_iter().map(|(_, e)| e))?;

        // Serialize and write stake table
        let json_stake_table = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&stake_table)?;
        let mut stake_file = File::create("decaf_stake_table.json").await?;
        stake_file.write_all(json_stake_table.as_bytes()).await?;
        */

        let events_json =
            std::fs::read_to_string("../data/v3/decaf_stake_table_events.json").unwrap();
        let events: Vec<(EventKey, StakeTableEvent)> = serde_json::from_str(&events_json).unwrap();

        // Reconstruct stake table from events
        let reconstructed_stake_table =
            validator_set_from_l1_events(events.into_iter().map(|(_, e)| e))
                .unwrap()
                .active_validators;

        let stake_table_json =
            std::fs::read_to_string("../data/v3/decaf_stake_table.json").unwrap();
        let expected: IndexMap<Address, Validator<BLSPubKey>> =
            serde_json::from_str(&stake_table_json).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            reconstructed_stake_table, expected,
            "Stake table reconstructed from events does not match the expected stake table "
        );
    }

    #[test_log::test(tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread"))]
    #[should_panic]
    async fn test_large_max_events_range_panic() {
        // decaf stake table contract address
        let contract_address = "0x40304fbe94d5e7d1492dd90c53a2d63e8506a037";

        let l1 = L1ClientOptions {
            l1_events_max_retry_duration: Duration::from_secs(30),
            // max block range for public node rpc is 50000 so this should result in a panic
            l1_events_max_block_range: 10_u64.pow(9),
            l1_retry_delay: Duration::from_secs(1),
            ..Default::default()
        }
        .connect(vec!["https://ethereum-sepolia.publicnode.com"
            .parse()
            .unwrap()])
        .expect("unable to construct l1 client");

        let latest_block = l1.provider.get_block_number().await.unwrap();
        let _events = Fetcher::fetch_events_from_contract(
            l1,
            contract_address.parse().unwrap(),
            None,
            latest_block,
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();
    }

    #[test_log::test(tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread"))]
    async fn sanity_check_block_reward_v3() {
        // 10b tokens
        let initial_supply = U256::from_str("10000000000000000000000000000").unwrap();

        let reward = ((initial_supply * U256::from(INFLATION_RATE)) / U256::from(BLOCKS_PER_YEAR))
            .checked_div(U256::from(COMMISSION_BASIS_POINTS))
            .unwrap();

        println!("Calculated reward: {reward}");
        assert!(reward > U256::ZERO);
    }

    #[test]
    fn sanity_check_p_and_rp() {
        let total_stake = BigDecimal::from_str("1000").unwrap();
        let total_supply = BigDecimal::from_str("10000").unwrap(); // p = 0.1

        let (p, rp) =
            calculate_proportion_staked_and_reward_rate(&total_stake, &total_supply).unwrap();

        assert!(p > BigDecimal::from(0));
        assert!(p < BigDecimal::from(1));
        assert!(rp > BigDecimal::from(0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_p_out_of_range() {
        let total_stake = BigDecimal::from_str("1000").unwrap();
        let total_supply = BigDecimal::from_str("500").unwrap(); // p = 2.0

        let result = calculate_proportion_staked_and_reward_rate(&total_stake, &total_supply);
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_zero_total_supply() {
        let total_stake = BigDecimal::from_str("1000").unwrap();
        let total_supply = BigDecimal::from(0);

        let result = calculate_proportion_staked_and_reward_rate(&total_stake, &total_supply);
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_valid_p_and_rp() {
        let total_stake = BigDecimal::from_str("5000").unwrap();
        let total_supply = BigDecimal::from_str("10000").unwrap();

        let (p, rp) =
            calculate_proportion_staked_and_reward_rate(&total_stake, &total_supply).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(p, BigDecimal::from_str("0.5").unwrap());
        assert!(rp > BigDecimal::from_str("0.0").unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_very_small_p() {
        let total_stake = BigDecimal::from_str("1").unwrap(); // 1 wei
        let total_supply = BigDecimal::from_str("10000000000000000000000000000").unwrap(); // 10B * 1e18

        let (p, rp) =
            calculate_proportion_staked_and_reward_rate(&total_stake, &total_supply).unwrap();

        assert!(p > BigDecimal::from_str("0").unwrap());
        assert!(p < BigDecimal::from_str("1e-18").unwrap()); // p should be extremely small
        assert!(rp > BigDecimal::from(0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_p_very_close_to_one() {
        let total_stake = BigDecimal::from_str("9999999999999999999999999999").unwrap();
        let total_supply = BigDecimal::from_str("10000000000000000000000000000").unwrap();

        let (p, rp) =
            calculate_proportion_staked_and_reward_rate(&total_stake, &total_supply).unwrap();

        assert!(p < BigDecimal::from(1));
        assert!(p > BigDecimal::from_str("0.999999999999999999999999999").unwrap());
        assert!(rp > BigDecimal::from(0));
    }

    /// tests `calculate_proportion_staked_and_reward_rate` produces correct p and R(p) values
    /// across a range of stake proportions within a small numerical tolerance.
    ///
    #[test]
    fn test_reward_rate_rp() {
        let test_cases = [
            // p , R(p)
            ("0.0000", "0.2121"), // 0%
            ("0.0050", "0.2121"), // 0.5%
            ("0.0100", "0.2121"), // 1%
            ("0.0250", "0.1342"), // 2.5%
            ("0.0500", "0.0949"), // 5%
            ("0.1000", "0.0671"), // 10%
            ("0.2500", "0.0424"), // 25%
            ("0.5000", "0.0300"), // 50%
            ("0.7500", "0.0245"), // 75%
            ("1.0000", "0.0212"), // 100%
        ];

        let tolerance = BigDecimal::from_str("0.0001").unwrap();

        let total_supply = BigDecimal::from_u32(10_000).unwrap();

        for (p, rp) in test_cases {
            let p = BigDecimal::from_str(p).unwrap();
            let expected_rp = BigDecimal::from_str(rp).unwrap();

            let total_stake = &p * &total_supply;

            let (computed_p, computed_rp) =
                calculate_proportion_staked_and_reward_rate(&total_stake, &total_supply).unwrap();

            assert!(
                (&computed_p - &p).abs() < tolerance,
                "p mismatch: got {computed_p}, expected {p}"
            );

            assert!(
                (&computed_rp - &expected_rp).abs() < tolerance,
                "R(p) mismatch for p={p}: got {computed_rp}, expected {expected_rp}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_dynamic_block_reward_with_expected_values() {
        // 10B tokens = 10_000_000_000 * 10^18
        let total_supply = U256::from_str("10000000000000000000000000000").unwrap();
        let total_supply_bd = BigDecimal::from_str(&total_supply.to_string()).unwrap();

        let test_cases = [
            // --- Block time: 1 ms ---
            ("0.0000", "0.2121", 1, "0"), // 0% staked → inflation = 0 → 0 tokens
            ("0.0050", "0.2121", 1, "3362823439878234"), // 0.105% inflation → ~0.00336 tokens
            ("0.0100", "0.2121", 1, "6725646879756468"), // 0.2121% inflation → ~0.00673 tokens
            ("0.0250", "0.1342", 1, "10638635210553018"), // 0.3355% inflation → ~0.01064 tokens
            ("0.0500", "0.0949", 1, "15046296296296296"), // 0.4745% inflation → ~0.01505 tokens
            ("0.1000", "0.0671", 1, "21277270421106037"), // 0.671% inflation → ~0.02128 tokens
            ("0.2500", "0.0424", 1, "33612379502790461"), // 1.06% inflation → ~0.03361 tokens
            ("0.5000", "0.0300", 1, "47564687975646879"), // 1.5% inflation → ~0.04756 tokens
            ("0.7500", "0.0245", 1, "58266742770167427"), // 1.8375% inflation → ~0.05827 tokens
            ("1.0000", "0.0212", 1, "67224759005580923"), // 2.12% inflation → ~0.06722 tokens
            // --- Block time: 2000 ms (2 seconds) ---
            ("0.0000", "0.2121", 2000, "0"), // 0% staked → inflation = 0 → 0 tokens
            ("0.0050", "0.2121", 2000, "672564687975646880"), // 0.105% inflation → ~0.67256 tokens
            ("0.0100", "0.2121", 2000, "1345129375951293760"), // 0.2121% inflation → ~1.34513 tokens
            ("0.0250", "0.1342", 2000, "2127727042110603754"), // 0.3355% inflation → ~2.12773 tokens
            ("0.0500", "0.0949", 2000, "3009259259259259259"), // 0.4745% inflation → ~3.00926 tokens
            ("0.1000", "0.0671", 2000, "4255454084221207509"), // 0.671% inflation → ~4.25545 tokens
            ("0.2500", "0.0424", 2000, "6722475900558092339"), // 1.06% inflation → ~6.72248 tokens
            ("0.5000", "0.0300", 2000, "9512937595129375951"), // 1.5% inflation → ~9.51294 tokens
            ("0.7500", "0.0245", 2000, "11653348554033485540"), // 1.8375% inflation → ~11.65335 tokens
            ("1.0000", "0.0212", 2000, "13444951801116184678"), // 2.12% inflation → ~13.44495 tokens
            // --- Block time: 10000 ms (10 seconds) ---
            ("0.0000", "0.2121", 10000, "0"), // 0% staked → inflation = 0 → 0 tokens
            ("0.0050", "0.2121", 10000, "3362823439878234400"), // 0.105% inflation → ~3.36 tokens
            ("0.0100", "0.2121", 10000, "6725646879756468800"), // 0.2121% inflation → ~6.73 tokens
            ("0.0250", "0.1342", 10000, "10638635210553018770"), // 0.3355% inflation → ~10.64 tokens
            ("0.0500", "0.0949", 10000, "15046296296296296295"), // 0.4745% inflation → ~15.05 tokens
            ("0.1000", "0.0671", 10000, "21277270421106037545"), // 0.671% inflation → ~21.28 tokens
            ("0.2500", "0.0424", 10000, "33612379502790461695"), // 1.06% inflation → ~33.61 tokens
            ("0.5000", "0.0300", 10000, "47564687975646879755"), // 1.5% inflation → ~47.56 tokens
            ("0.7500", "0.0245", 10000, "58266742770167427700"), // 1.8375% inflation → ~58.27 tokens
            ("1.0000", "0.0212", 10000, "67224759005580923390"), // 2.12% inflation → ~67.22 tokens
        ];

        let tolerance = U256::from(100_000_000_000_000_000u128); // 0.1 token

        for (p, rp, avg_block_time_ms, expected_reward) in test_cases {
            let p = BigDecimal::from_str(p).unwrap();
            let total_stake_bd = (&p * &total_supply_bd).round(0);
            println!("total_stake_bd={total_stake_bd}");

            let total_stake = U256::from_str(&total_stake_bd.to_plain_string()).unwrap();
            let expected_reward = U256::from_str(expected_reward).unwrap();

            let epoch = EpochNumber::new(0);
            let actual_reward = EpochCommittees::compute_block_reward(
                &epoch,
                total_supply,
                total_stake,
                avg_block_time_ms,
            )
            .unwrap()
            .0;

            let diff = if actual_reward > expected_reward {
                actual_reward - expected_reward
            } else {
                expected_reward - actual_reward
            };

            assert!(
                diff <= tolerance,
                "Reward mismatch for p = {p}, R(p) = {rp}, block_time = {avg_block_time_ms}: \
                 expected = {expected_reward}, actual = {actual_reward}, diff = {diff}"
            );
        }
    }
}